Standardization of ethanol addiction model in Swiss albino Mice

Background: Addiction is compulsive need for use of a habit-forming substance. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that worldwide 3.3 million people died due to alcohol addiction in 2012-13 and 11% of the population in India indulged in heavy drinking in 2014. Addiction is a prime socio-economical problem of society. Studying alcohol dependence in humans involved many ethical issues and experimental difficulties. Hence nonhuman animal experimental model has been used for a research on the topic of alcohol intoxication and dependence. Ethanol dependence has been preferred to develop in genetically modified strain of mice, C-57 which has a natural inclination to consume and develop addiction. But studying addiction in this special strain requires top end experimental facilities and financial aids. Authors reported the animal model to study ethanol dependence in Swiss albino mice. Aim of the study was to develop ‘Ethanol Dependence in Swiss albino mice animal model’ by intermitted access of 20% ethanol.Methods: Dependence was developed in Swiss albino mice by intermitted access of 20% ethanol in two groups having six animals in each group. Dependence was confirmed by presence of the withdrawal symptoms like anxiety, muscular incoordination and behavioral changes of animals on abstinence of ethanol.Results: Significant difference was noted on withdrawal symptoms, i.e. anxiety, muscular coordination, muscle spasm and other behavior related to withdrawal.Conclusions: Ethanol dependence can be successfully developed in Swiss albino mice in 14 days

STANDARDIZATION OF MODEL OF INDUCTION OF HEPATOTOXICITY WITH ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Objective: The objective of the study to standardize the model of hepatotoxicity induced by ATT drugs in Wistar Albino rats. Isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), pyrazinamide (PZA), the first line drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) associated with the potential adverse effect. Numerous animal studies were reported endeavoring induction and cure of anti-TB (ATT) drug-induced hepatotoxicity using herbal and chemical drugs. However, the previous reported study failed to replicate where Wistar albino rats were treated with INH, RMP, and PZA and had shown the significant development of liver injury. Hence in present paper, aimed to develop a standardize model of induction of hepatotoxicity with ATT drugs.Methods: Wistar rats were treated with ATT drugs in combination in various doses up to 4-8 weeks. Total nine experiments were conducted to achieve successful hepatotoxicity. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were the biochemical parameters of assessment. Histopathological changes in the liver were also examined.Results: No evidence of any liver injury or an inflammatory infiltrate has been observed as had been reported in the previous studies. Rather decrease in serum ALT levels has been observed by researcher. In short, hepatic injury cannot be developed with the doses used in previous reported papers. The successful attempt to induce hepatotoxicity can be achieved with the doses of INH - 100, RMP - 300, PZA - 700 mg/kg. The findings were confirmed by the raised ALT, AST, and ALP levels compared with baseline. The histopathological changes also support the findings.Conclusion: The dose of INH - 100, RMP – 300 and PZM - 700 mg/kg. Succeeds to induce hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats and Swiss albino mice as well

THE EFFICACY OF VASAGUDUCHYADI KASHAYAM IN ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in India. Chronic consumption of alcohol results in variations in alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress, antigenic adducts formation and acetaldehyde toxicity. These factors cause inflammation, fatty changes, fibrosis of liver cells and raising the transaminases in the blood. There is no specific treatment for ALD.Vasaguduchyadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic formulation stated in Ashtanga Hridayam for the treatment of Jaundice and anemia. The study focuses on the effect of the Vasaguduchyadi Kashayam in ALD for restoration of normal liver function, with the help of investigating 10 subjective and 2 objective parameters. As the Vasaguduchyadi Kashayam is Yakritgami, Kamalanashak and Pandunashak, was used as Trial Drug.Clinical Trials were conducted at Anandvan De-Addiction Centre, Pune. By ballot method 60 well diagnosed male patients of ALD were included in both Control and Trial group each. The diagnosis of ALD was made by documentation of alcohol excess and evidence of liver disease.The control group was allowed to partake symptomatic line of treatment advised by the centre while the trial group was administered Vasaguduchyadi kashayam in a dose of 15ml with luke warm water after meal for the duration of 45 days. Patients of both groups followed complete abstinence from Alcohol and Pathyakar aahar-vihar.The statistical analysis revealed that Trial drug is effective in ALD. It significantly reduces Agnimandya, Aruchi, Hrillas, Trishna and Pitatva besides it significantly normalizes the LFT too

Genotypic and Pathotypic Characterization of Newcastle Disease Viruses from India

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry in most parts of the world. The susceptibility of a wide variety of avian species coupled with synanthropic bird reservoirs has contributed to the vast genomic diversity of this virus as well as diagnostic failures. Since the first panzootic in 1926, Newcastle disease (ND) became enzootic in India with recurrent outbreaks in multiple avian species. The genetic characteristics of circulating strains in India, however, are largely unknown. To understand the nature of NDV genotypes in India, we characterized two representative strains isolated 13 years apart from a chicken and a pigeon by complete genome sequence analysis and pathotyping. The viruses were characterized as velogenic by pathogenicity indices devised to distinguish these strains. The genome length was 15,186 nucleotides (nt) and consisted of six non-overlapping genes, with conserved and complementary 3′ leader and 5′ trailer regions, conserved gene starts, gene stops, and intergenic sequences similar to those in avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1) strains. Matrix gene sequence analysis grouped the pigeon isolate with APMV-1 strains. Phylogeny based on the fusion (F), and hemagglutinin (HN) genes and complete genome sequence grouped these viruses into genotype IV. Genotype IV strains are considered to have “died out” after the first panzootic (1926–1960) of ND. But, our results suggest that there is persistence of genotype IV strains in India

Evaluation of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) in broiler chicken during hot humid summer using zoo technical, molecular and physio-biochemical tools

Climate resilient poultry production is a major challenge especially for hot regions like India. Accordingly, the efficacy of mannan-oligosaccharides as anti-heat stressor was studied. Broiler chicks were reared on a standard diet up to 14th day of age. Thereafter, the chicks were randomly distributed into three dietary treatment groups viz. T1 (Control group: Standard diet, T2 (Standard diet with MOS @ 0.3%) and T3 (Standard diet with MOS @ 0.5%) each with 40 birds divided in 5 replicates of 8 birds each upto 42 days of age. Experiment was carried out during hot-humid (August-September, 26.0±0.12° to 34.25±0.37°C, Rh%: 76.95±0.90 to 86.15±0.61) summer. Growth performance, immunity (4th week), physiological (4th and 6th week), biochemical (4th and 6th wk) and molecular parameters (4th and 6th wk) were recorded. Feed intake, live weight gain and FCR improved significantly (P<0.001) on MOS supplementation. The relative yield of immune organs at 4th and 6th week of age, humoral (P<0.001) as well as cellular (P<0.01) immunity also improved significantly. The percentage of haemoglobin, protein, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase increased significantly (P<0.001) due to MOS supplementation at 4th as well as 6th week of age. While H:L ratio, serum corticosterone and serum cholesterol decreased significantly (P<0.001) in MOS supplemented groups. Supplementation of MOS at both the levels (0.3 and 0.5%) caused significant down regulation of relative expression of HSP70 in jejunum tissues during 28th or 42nd day of age. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that MOS supplementation @ 0.3% or 0.5% in diet of heat stressed broilers improved performance as well as welfare

Improved Round Robin Algorithm for Data Center Selection in Cloud Computing

In cloud computing, the main factor to achieve a high user satisfaction and increased resource utilization ratio by ensuring an efficient and fair allocation of every computing resource is effective load balancing. It helps to achieve. Proper load balancing aids in minimizing resource consumption, implementing fail-over, enabling scalability, avoiding bottlenecks etc. In Cloud Computing Scenario Load Balancing is composed of selecting Data Center for upcoming request and Virtual machine management at individual Data Center. In this paper, we proposed and implemented Improved Round Robin service broker (DC selection) algorithm in cloud computing. Also we compare the results of proposed algorithm with existing algorithm. This study concludes that the proposed DC selection algorithm mainly focus on reducing service response time observed at client side. The result shows drastic reduction in Response time at client side by using Improved Round Robin DC selection algorithm. Various parameters are also identified, and these are used to compare the existing techniques

Distributed Least Mean Square Volterra Model for the Identification of Nonlinear Systems Using WSNs

Many practical systems that we encounter involve some extent of nonlinearity in their behavior. Identification and control design of nonlinear systems is achieving increasing attention in practical applications. Mathematical models play a significant role in the development identification and control techniques for such nonlinear systems. In this work, Volterra model is considered for modeling nonlinear systems because of its simple structure and significant modeling capability. The simple and computationally efficient LMS based approach is considered for adaptive estimation of model parameters. The challenging problems involved with the stability and convergence rate of traditional least mean square based approach are demonstrated individually. The leaky-LMS and modified leaky-LMS based estimation of Volterra model parameters are employed to address the weight-drifting and slow convergence issues respectively. The effectiveness of above solutions is demonstrated with the help of appropriate simulation example and results. To incorporate the benefits of cooperation network of wireless sensor nodes is considered for deployment across the system under consideration. To model the behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems using wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the development of computation and energy efficient distributed modeling techniques is of crucial importance. In this work, for real-time estimation of the Volterra model parameters, a simple distributed Volterra LMS algorithm is designed using ADMM. The pertinent cost function is expressed as an unconstrained minimization problem using a decomposable augmented Lagrangian form. To facilitate the distributed convex optimization, the augmented Lagrangian form is minimized using alternating direction method of multipliers. The communication and computational complexities involved in the proposed methodology are provided to show its effectiveness in the real-time applications over centralized and non-cooperative solutions. Simulation results obtained under the noisy environment are plotted to demonstrate the effective performance of the distributed algorithm

A Review on -Lossless Image Compression Techniques and Algorithms

Abstract-In this paper we are giving the brief review about the existing lossless image compression techniques and the algorithm which have been implemented using the existing techniques. The Rapid growth in the field of multimedia and in digital imaging need to transmit digital images Transmitting the images without compressing them takes more disk space as wel as much time for transmission over the network. So the basic idea is to remove the redundancy of data presented within the image so that we can reduce the size of image without affecting the essential data in the image i.e. without compromising the quality of an image