The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015

Glypta densepunctata Watanabe & Maeto, 2014, sp. nov.

Glypta densepunctata sp. nov. (Figs. 1 F, 2 F, 3 E, 4 F, 6 F, 7 F) Description: Female (n= 1: HT). Body length 7.5 mm. Head. Ca. 0.6 times as long as wide. Clypeus 0.8 times as long as wide, roundly convex in lateral view (Fig. 2 F). Face slightly convex medially (Fig. 2 F), 0.5 times as long as wide. Frons with a large median horn between each antennal socket, its apex relateively pointed (Figs. 1 F, 3 E). OOL 2.0 times as long as OD; POL 2.0 times as long as OD. Mandible with very narrow ventral flange by basal 0.5, its base slightly convex. MSL 1.0 times as long as BWM. Antenna with 32 flagellomeres. F 1 1.4 times as long as F 2. Mesosoma. Densely punctate, punctures on lateral lobes of mesoscutum (excluding near notaulus) separated by 0.3 –1.0 (usually ca. 0.6) times their diameter. Epomia obscure. Lateral area of pronotum entirely densely punctate. Both sides of mesoscutum near tegula weakly and obtusely produced posteriorly. Propodeum entirely densely punctate, median part slightly transversely striated. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum slightly present on lateral section. Lateromedian longitudinal carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carina of propodeum slightly present on median section. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum complete. Fore wing length 6.0 mm. Fore coxa without ridge antero-dorsally. Hind femur 5.7 times as long as maximum depth in lateral view. Hind TS 1 2.0 times as long as TS 2. Metasoma. T 1 –T 4 densely punctate (Figs. 6 F, 7 F).T 1 1.1 times as long as maximum width, its median dorsal carina present on ca. basal 0.6 of tergite (Fig. 6 F), longitudinally striated posteriorly. T 2 0.9 times as long as maximum width. T 2 –T 4 each with moderate a pair of oblique groove (Fig. 7 F). Ovipositor sheath ca. 0.9 times as long as fore wing, 2.4 times as long as hind tibia. Colouration. Body (excluding wings and legs) black, except for: apical part of clypeus, tip of mandible, posterior margin of each metasomal tergite tinged with reddish-brown; flagellum blackish-brown, its ventral surface more or less paler than dorsal surface apically; palpi, posterodorsal corner of pronotum, tegula, membranous parts of sternites and posterior part of subgenital plate yellow to yellowish-brown; ovipositor reddishbrown to yellowish-brown. Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with yellow; veins and pterostigma brown except for yellow wing base. Legs (hind leg: Fig. 4 F) reddish-brown, except for: all trochanters and all trochanters, base of all tibiae yellow; hind femur more or less darkened apically; subbasal band of hind tibia weakly tinged with black; apical part of hind tibia black; hind tibia excluding yellow and black area yellowish-brown; hind tarsus blackishbrown to black with basal yellow areas on TS 1 –TS 3 and slightly on TS 4. Basal yellow areas of TS 1 ca. 0.5 length of TS 1 and of TS 2 –TS 3 shorter than each black area. Male. Unknown. Material examined. JAPAN: [Holotype] 1 F, Kagoshima Pref., Terayama, 8. v. 1970, K. Kusigemati leg. (KU). Distribution (Fig. 11). Japan (Kyushu). Biology. Unknown. Etymology. The specific name is from the dense body punctation. Remarks. This species has been confused with G. cymolomiae and its allied species but they can be distinguished from each other by the above key and Table 1. This species also resembles G. caudata Thomson 1889 and G. lapponica, but it can be distinguished by the mesosoma and metasoma densely punctate (relatively sparsely punctate in caudata and lapponica), the hind coxa reddish-brown (black in lapponica), and the ovipositor slightly shorter than fore wing (almost same length in caudata).Published as part of Watanabe, Kyohei & Maeto, Kaoru, 2014, Taxonomic status of the subgenus Conoblasta Förster 1869 of the genus Glypta Gravenhorst 1829 with revision of Japanese species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae), pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3755 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3755.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28544

Glypta tumor Momoi 1970

Glypta tumor Momoi 1970 (Figs. 1 P, 2 P, 3 O, 5 H, 6 P, 7 P, S, 8 M–O, 9 I, J) Glypta tumor Momoi 1970: 371. Description: Female (n= 3). Body length 11.0–14.0 mm. Head. Ca. 0.6 times as long as wide. Clypeus 0.7 times as long as wide, roundly convex in lateral view (Fig. 2 P). Face strongly convex medially (Fig. 2 P), 0.6 times as long as wide. Frons with a small median horn between each antennal socket, its apex relateively pointed (Figs. 1 P, 3 O). OOL 1.6–1.8 times as long as OD; POL 1.4–1.6 times as long as OD. Mandible with narrow ventral flange by basal 0.6, its base weakly convex. MSL 0.8 times as long as BWM. Antenna with 45–47 flagellomeres. F 1 1.7 times as long as F 2. Mesosoma. Densely punctate, punctures on lateral lobes of mesoscutum (excluding near notaulus) separated by 0.1 –1.0 (usually ca. 0.3) times their diameter. Epomia weak and short. Lateral area of pronotum entirely punctate. Both sides of mesoscutum near tegula weakly and obtusely produced posteriorly. Propodeum entirely densely punctate. Anterior transverse carina and lateromedian longitudinal carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carina slightly present on median section. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum usually broadly incomplete medially. Fore wing length 8.5 –10.0 mm. Fore coxa without ridge antero-dorsally. Hind femur 5.4–5.5 times as long as maximum depth in lateral view. Hind TS 1 2.0– 2.2 times as long as TS 2. Metasoma. T 1 –T 4 densely punctate (Figs. 6 P, 7 P, S). T 1 1.2 times as long as maximum width, its median dorsal carina present on ca. basal 0.2 of tergite (Fig. 6 P). T 2 1.0 times as long as maximum width. T 2 –T 4 each with deep a pair of oblique groove (Fig. 7 P, S). Ovipositor sheath ca. 1.1 times as long as fore wing, 3.0 times as long as hind tibia. Colouration. Body (excluding wings and legs) black, except for: clypeus, mandible excluding apex, palpi, posterodorsal corner of pronotum (weakly elongated anterioly), tegula, scutellum, membranous parts of sternites and posterior part of subgenital plate yellowish-brown; apex of scape, pedicel, apical part of flagellum and posterior margin of each metasomal tergites narrowly tinged with reddish-brown; antenna largely blackish-brown; ovipositor reddish-brown to yellowish-brown. Wings hyaline; veins and pterostigma dark brown except for yellow wing base. Fore and mid legs yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, apical part of mid tarsus more or less darkened; hind leg (Fig. 5 H) reddish-brown, except for: dorsal surface of coxa, base of tibia and TS 1 pale yellow; femur darkened apically; tibia excluding base blackish-brown to black; tarsus blackish-brown to black excluding base of TS 1. Male (n= 7). Similar to female. Clypeus 0.6 times as long as wide. OOL 1.2–1.6 times as long as OD; POL 1.2–1.4 times as long as OD. MSL 0.7–0.8 times as long as BWM. Lateral section of anterior transverse carina of propodeum present. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum complete. Hind femur 5.5–5.9 times as long as maximum depth in lateral view. T 1 1.3–1.4 times as long as maximum width, T 2 1.0– 1.1 times as long as maximum width. Posterior margin of subgenital plate convex (Fig. 8 M). Apical margin of paramere sharply produced dorsally, roundly produced ventrally (Figs. 8 N, 9 I, J). Dorsal margin of paramere with convexity medially (Figs. 8 N, 9 I). Ventral surfaces of scape and pedicel yellow. Material examined. JAPAN: 1 F, Tokyo Pref. (Izu Isls.), Mikurajima Island, 11. v. 1969, S. Katsuya and H. Yuasa leg. (NIAES); 1 M, Kagoshima Pref,. Mt. Kurino, 23. v. 1969, K. Kusigemati leg. (KU); 4 M, Kagoshima Pref,. Ibusuki, 3. vi. 1966, K. Kusigemati leg. (KU); 1 M (holotype), Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Island, 10. v. 1966, K. kusigemati leg. (MNHAH); 1 F, Kagoshima Pref,. Amamioshima Island, Kinsakubaru, 31. v. 2004, T. Mita leg. (KPMNH: KPM-NK 5001184); 1 F 2 M, Okinawa Pref., Okiwanajima Island, 15. v. 1953, T. Shiraki leg. (NIAES). Distribution (Fig. 13). Japan (Mikurajima Is.*, Kyushu*, Amamioshima Is., Okiwanajima Is.*). Biology. Unknown. Remarks. This species can easily be distinguished from other Japanese species by the yellow marking of scutellum and the deep oblique groove on T 2 –T 4. The distribution of this species seems to be restricted to the islands along the Kuroshio Current.Published as part of Watanabe, Kyohei & Maeto, Kaoru, 2014, Taxonomic status of the subgenus Conoblasta Förster 1869 of the genus Glypta Gravenhorst 1829 with revision of Japanese species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae), pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3755 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3755.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28544

Glypta extincta Ratzeberg 1852

Glypta extincta Ratzeberg 1852 (Figs. 1 G, 2 G, 3 F, 4 G, 6 G, 7 G, R, 8 G–I, 9 E, F) Glypta extincta Ratzeberg 1852: 112. Glypta nigriventris Thomson 1889: 1325. Description based on Japanese specimens: Female (n= 5). Body length 8.5 –10.0 mm. Head. Ca. 0.6 times as long as wide. Clypeus 0.7 times as long as wide, roundly convex in lateral view (Fig. 2 G). Face strongly convex medially (Fig. 2 G), 0.5 times as long as wide. Frons with a large median horn between each antennal socket, its apex relateively pointed (Figs. 1 G, 3 F). OOL 1.6–1.8 times as long as OD; POL 1.8 –2.0 times as long as OD. Mandible with narrow ventral flange by basal 0.6, its base flat. MSL 1.0– 1.1 times as long as BWM. Antenna with 39–40 flagellomeres. F 1 1.5–1.6 times as long as F 2. Mesosoma. Densely punctate, punctures on lateral lobes of mesoscutum (excluding near notaulus) separated by 0.3–1.8 (usually ca. 1.0) times their diameter. Epomia weak and short. Lateral area of pronotum entirely punctate. Both sides of mesoscutum near tegula weakly and obtusely produced posteriorly. Propodeum entirely densely punctate. Posterior transverse carina and pleural carina of propodeum complete. Other carinae of propodeum absent. Fore wing length 6.0– 7.5 mm. Fore coxa with weak ridge antero-dorsally. Hind femur 6.0 times as long as maximum depth in lateral view. Hind TS 1 2.0– 2.1 times as long as TS 2. Metasoma. T 1 –T 4 densely punctate (Figs. 6 G, 7 G, R). T 1 1.3–1.4 times as long as maximum width, its median dorsal carina present on ca. basal 0.5 of tergite (Fig. 6 G). T 2 1.0 times as long as maximum width. T 2 –T 4 each with moderate a pair of oblique groove (Fig. 7 G, R). Ovipositor sheath ca. 0.8 times as long as fore wing, 1.7– 1.9 times as long as hind tibia. Colouration. Body (excluding wings and legs) black, except for: apical half of clypeus, small spot of mandible, palpi, posterodorsal corner of pronotum, tegula, membranous parts of sternites and posterior part of subgenital plate yellow to yellowish-brown; posterior margin of each metasomal tergite tinged with reddish-brown; flagellum blackish-brown, its ventral surface more or less paler than dorsal surface; ovipositor reddish-brown to yellowishbrown. Wings hyaline; veins and pterostigma brown except for yellow wing base. Legs (hind leg: Fig. 4 G) reddish-brown, except for: all trochanters, all trochanters and base of all tibiae pale yellow; hind femur darkened apically; subbasal band, ventral surface and apical part of hind tibia black; hind tibia excluding yellow and black areas whitish-yellow; middle and hind tarsus blackish-brown to black with basal yellow areas on TS 1 –TS 3 and slightly on TS 4. Basal yellow area of TS 1 –TS 3 shorter than black areas of each segment. Male (n= 2). Similar to female. OOL 1.4–1.8 times as long as OD; POL 1.6 –2.0 times as long as OD. MSL 0.9 times as long as BWM. Antenna with 42 flagellomeres. F 1 1.4–1.5 times as long as F 2. Lateral section of anterior transverse carina and basal section of lateromedian longitudinal carina present. Hind femur 6.0– 6.1 times as long as maximum depth in lateral view. Hind TS 1 1.8 –2.0 times as long as TS 2. Posterior margin of subgenital plate convex with median weak concavity (Fig. 8 G). Apical margin of paramere roundly produced (Figs. 8 H, 9 E, F). Dorsal margin of paramere with convexity apically (Figs. 8 H, 9 E). Clypeus entirely yellow. Material examined. JAPAN: 1 F, Yamagata Pref., Shirafutakayu, 29. vi. 1967, H. Higuchi leg. (KU); 1 M, Yamanashi Pref., Mt. Daibosatsu, Sagashio-kosen, Hikawa-rindo, 16. vi. 2007, K. Watanabe leg. (KPMNH: KPM- NK 5001180); 2 F, same data excluding T. Ban leg. (KPMNH: KPM-NK 5001181); 2 F, Nagano Pref., Utsukushigahara, 5. viii. 1970, H. Takizawa leg. (KU); 1 M, Fukui Pref., Oono city, Koike, 8. vi. 1980, H. Kurokawa leg. (KPMNH: KPM-NK 5001182). MOLDOVA: 1 F (det. by Kuslitzky), “Оницканы Криулянский” (Onitskany, Criuleni), 16. v. 1978, Kuslitzky leg. (ZIS). Distribution (Fig. 12). Japan (Honshu*); widely recorded from Eurasia. Biology. Unknown in Japan. A host, Acleris rosana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was recorded in Europe (e.g. Ratzeburg 1852; Constantineanu & Pisica 1977). Remarks. This is the first record of this species from Japan. By the result of comparison, no differences were found between Japanese and Moldvanese females. This species can be distinguished from other Japanese species by the combination of characters of above key.Published as part of Watanabe, Kyohei & Maeto, Kaoru, 2014, Taxonomic status of the subgenus Conoblasta Förster 1869 of the genus Glypta Gravenhorst 1829 with revision of Japanese species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae), pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3755 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3755.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28544

Glypta acares Momoi 1965

Glypta acares Momoi 1965 Glypta parva Momoi 1963: 114. Preoccupied by Cresson (1870). Glypta acares Momoi 1965: 82. New name. Material examined. No additional specimens available. Distribution (Fig. 10). Japan (Honshu and Kyushu). Biology. Unknown. Remarks. Nakaya (2009) recorded this species from Honshu. This species resembles G. ichitai but it can easily be distinguished from G. ichitai (see Remarks under ichitai).Published as part of Watanabe, Kyohei & Maeto, Kaoru, 2014, Taxonomic status of the subgenus Conoblasta Förster 1869 of the genus Glypta Gravenhorst 1829 with revision of Japanese species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae), pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3755 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3755.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28544

Glypta touyaensis Watanabe & Maeto, 2014, sp. nov.

Glypta touyaensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1 O, 2 O, 3 N, 5 G, 6 O, 7 O) Description: Female (n= 1: HT). Body length 7.5 mm. Head. Ca. 0.6 times as long as wide. Clypeus 0.7 times as long as wide, roundly convex in lateral view (Fig. 2 O). Face weakly convex medially (Fig. 2 O), 0.5 times as long as wide. Frons with a large median horn between each antennal socket, its apex relateively pointed (Figs. 1 O, 3 N). OOL 1.6 times as long as OD; POL 1.6 times as long as OD. Mandible with very narrow ventral flange by basal 0.6, its base flat. MSL 1.0 times as long as BWM. Antenna with 33 flagellomeres. F 1 1.5 times as long as F 2. Mesosoma. Punctate, punctures on lateral lobes of mesoscutum (excluding near notaulus) separated by 0.3 –2.0 (usually ca. 1.0) times their diameter. Epomia weak and short. Lateral area of pronotum entirely punctate, its lower part more or less sparser than upper part. Both sides of mesoscutum near tegula weakly and obtusely produced posteriorly. Propodeum entirely punctate. Posterior transverse carina and pleural carina of propodeum complete. Other carinae of propodeum absent. Fore wing length 6.0 mm. Fore coxa with weak ridge antero-dorsally. Hind femur 5.4 times as long as maximum depth in lateral view. Hind TS 1 2.2 times as long as TS 2. Metasoma. T 1 –T 4 punctate (Figs. 6 O, 7 O). T 1 1.3 times as long as maximum width, its median dorsal carina present on ca. basal 0.5 of tergite (Fig. 6 O). T 2 0.9 times as long as maximum width. T 2 –T 4 each with moderate a pair of oblique groove (Fig. 7 O). Ovipositor sheath ca. 1.2 times as long as fore wing, 2.9 times as long as hind tibia. Colouration. Body (excluding wings and legs) black, except for: apical part of clypeus, tip of mandible, palpi, posterodorsal corner of pronotum, tegula, membranous parts of sternites and posterior part of subgenital plate yellow to yellowish-brown; posterior margin of each metasomal tergite tinged with reddish-brown; flagellum blackish-brown, its ventral surface more or less paler than dorsal surface; ovipositor reddish-brown to yellowishbrown. Wings hyaline; veins and pterostigma brown except for yellow wing base. Legs (hind leg: Fig. 5 G) reddish-brown, except for: fore and mid trochanters, all trochantelluses and base of all tibiae pale yellow; hind femur darkened apically; subbasal band and apical part of hind tibia black; hind tibia excluding yellow and black areas yellowish-brown; mid and hind tarsi blackish-brown to black with basal yellow areas on TS 1 –TS 3 and slightly on TS 4 and TS 5. Basal yellow areas of TS 1 ca. 0.5 length of TS 1 and of TS 2 –TS 3 present only basally. Male. Unknown. Material examined. JAPAN: 1 F, Hokkaido Pref., Touya, 8. vii. 1967, K. Kusigemati leg. (KU). Distribution (Fig. 13). Japan (Hokkaido). Biology. Unknown. Etymology. The specific name is from the type locality “Touya”. Remarks. This species has been confused with G. cymolomiae and its allied species but they can be distinguished from each other by the above key and Table 1. This species also resembles G. extincta but can easily be distinguished by the long ovipositor, 2.9 times as long as hind tibia (1.7–1.9 in extincta).Published as part of Watanabe, Kyohei & Maeto, Kaoru, 2014, Taxonomic status of the subgenus Conoblasta Förster 1869 of the genus Glypta Gravenhorst 1829 with revision of Japanese species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae), pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3755 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3755.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28544

Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages associated with a satoyama landscape in Japan: the effects of soil moisture, weed height, and distance from woodlands

Agricultural landscapes generally include not only crop fields but also semi-natural habitats. In Japan, such a mixed rural landscape is called "satoyama." Although ground beetles are potential predators of pests, the environmental factors that determine their distribution in Japanese rural landscapes have not been fully elucidated. To understand the effects of distance from woodland edges, soil moisture, and weed height on assemblages of carabid beetles, we examined the number of adult beetles in pitfall traps placed in a satoyama landscape in the lowlands of western Honshu, Japan. Our results show that the carabid species could be largely differentiated into woodland, intermediate, and open-land species. The "intermediate species" group includes species that depend on woodland or woodland edges for at least part of their life cycles. Paddy fields must have long provided semi-natural habitats that complement those in natural grasslands and wetlands for open-land beetles that prefer wet conditions. Weeds can also increase the abundance of some intermediate and woodland species; thus, the arrangement of such landscape elements as woodlands and paddies can determine the species richness and abundance of ground beetles in agricultural fields