Zur Eigenart der Rationalität von Aussagen über Gott.\ud Hinweise zur systematischen Auswertung von Kants KrV

Kants Auffassung der Rede von Gott in KrV kann auf\ud zweierlei Weisen interpretiert werden. So, dass Kant\ud aufgrund einer Beschränkung der Erkenntnis auf den\ud Bereich der Erfahrung philosophische Gotteslehre aus den\ud Wissenschaften verbannt. Eine zweite Zugangsweise\ud ergibt sich daraus, Kants Auffassung als Begründung einer\ud neuen Art der Rationalität der Rede von Gott zu reflektieren.\ud Ziel vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, KrV entsprechend\ud des zweiten Weg zu deuten, und die Relevanz einer\ud solchen Interpretation für eine systematische Gotteslehre\ud anzudeuten. Dazu zwei Vorbemerkungen. Erstens wird es\ud hier nicht möglich sein, die allgemeinen Charakteristika der\ud theoretischen Philosophie Kants, über eine kurze Skizze\ud hinaus, aufzurollen. Ich muss also sehr viel Kant voraussetzen.\ud Zweitens beanspruche ich hier keine Kant-Exese.\ud Ich möchte mit Kant philosophieren, ihn systematisch\ud auswerten, nicht im Original darstellen. "Das hat Kant so\ud nicht gesagt!" kann also nur bedingt als Einwand gegen\ud meine Überlegungen vorgebracht werden

Effects of Moisture Content on Supply Costs and CO2 Emissions for an Optimized Energy Wood Supply Network

The supply of wood for energy is challenging due to high supply costs and rapidly increasing demand. As an important quality criterion, moisture content (MC) influences the revenues, demand and supply costs. For transport, the limiting factor is payload, if the MC is high. The effects of MC on costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for an optimized supply network have been analyzed using a previously developed multi-criteria optimization model by using different MCs in the range from 50 to 20%. The weighted sum scalarization approach was used to derive Pareto optimal points by changing weights stepwise from maximum profit to minimal GHG on a relatively large scale network of 356 storage locations, 119 freight stations and 228 plants. A decrease of 10% in MC from 40 to 30% will double the profit from 5.10 to 12.00 EUR × t–1. In the case of MC independent revenues, the sensitivity of the model is lower but clearly visible, with a profit increase from 6.00 EUR × t–1 at the MC of 40% to 10.00 EUR × t–1 at the MC of 30%. As expected, emissions will decrease with a decreasing MC. However, the effect on emissions is less prominent than the effect on profit. Reducing MC from 40 to 30% will save approximately 4% of the GHG per dry t

Assessing Cable Tensile Forces and Machine Tilt of Winch-Assisted Forwarders on Steep Terrain under Real Working Conditions

Winch-assisted forwarders are now commonly accepted as an innovative alternative for extracting wood on challenging terrain. In order to assess safety risks, it is necessary to know the tensile forces in the steel wire rope and their interaction with the machine tilt under real working conditions. In this study, the tensile force and the machine tilt of two winch-assisted forwarders (John Deere 1210E and Komatsu 840TX) were observed for about 15 work hours without delays on two different stands in Austria. The tensile force data and the machine tilt data were separated by work elements. The mean tensile force ranged from 18.1 kN for unloading up to 56.8 kN for loading activities. During the measurements, the cable tensile force exceeded 50% of the minimum breaking strength (MBS) only twice. The maximum observed tensile force was 174.5 kN or 82.7% of the MBS, respectively, which led to a failure of the steel cable. For the machine tilt, a maximum of 80% was measured during loading and driving during loading. John Deere 1210E was operated 31% of the productive work time above the manufacturers tilt limit. For Komatsu 840TX, the manufacturers’ maximum tilt limit was exceeded only twice. The study also showed that peaks with an amplitude of up to 50 kN can occur within a few centiseconds, which highlights the need of high measurement rates, when measuring cable tensile force of winch-assisted machinery. The detailed analysis of the peaks showed that 90% of the pit-to-peak amplitudes ≥20 kN occurred during driving activities. Only 10% of pit-to-peak amplitudes ≥20 kN were measured during loading activities, although loading took about 43.5% of the productive work time. As such, the study results confirm that amplitudes of peaks in tensile force, and hence safety risks, are significantly higher during driving than during loading

Comparing Two Different Approaches in Modeling Small Diameter Energy Wood Drying in Logwood Piles

Moisture management is a key element to improving the cost-efficiency of energy wood supply, through the whole supply chain. Numerous studies of natural drying of forest biomass have been carried out based on traditional sampling of piles or weighing. The latest methodology for monitoring moisture changes has been continuous weighing of biomass in racks built on load cells. The aim of this study was to develop accurate drying models in Austria and Finland for small diameter logs and test the exchangeability of the developed models between countries. Overall drying periods were December 2009 to February 2011 for Austria and March 2012 to June 2013 for Finland. Moisture content dropped from 50.1% to 32.2% (Austria) and from 62.2% to 38.6% (Finland) during the drying periods. Drying performance was evaluated for the period April to October. Two different types of models were developed and the results were cross validated. It proved to be possible to fit satisfactory accurate drying models within the target deviation of ±5% using both approaches. Whereas the Austrian approach is based on a more basic set of variables, the Finnish approach combines the variables within one. Both approaches are justified depending on the available data