ICES2009-76025 EFFECT OF WATER INJE CTION ON EMISSION CH ARACTERISTICS OF A TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINE

ABSTRACT The diesel engine is a very common source of small -scale power generation. While diesel engines are efficient with low carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions, they have high nitrous oxide emissions. One approach to reduce the formation of nitrous oxides is by introducing water in the diesel engine system. The present paper is a study of effect s on performance of direct water injection in the cylinder during the compression stroke and humidifying air prior to its entry to the engine by use of suitable models for various processes. It is observed that nitrous oxide concentrations are substantially re duced by both direct water injection as well as by use of humidified air. Use of humid air however also increases the power output of the engine with a minor loss in efficiency. INTRODUCTION The diesel engine is a very common source of industrial power generation. It has a good thermal efficiency, performance, reliability and economy. These engines are available in capacities ranging from 5 kW to 10MW and are used for generation of power in small communities, small industries, rural areas, and in ma rine applications. Several conventional and non-conventional techniques have been used in improving diesel engine emissions especially NOx and soot emissions. Some of these techniques include exhaust gas recirculation, retarding ignition timing and use o f high injection pressures et

Evolution of sustainable energy policies in India since 1947: A review.

India's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions in 2015 toward the Two-Degree Celsius climate change goal has endorsed 15% of renewable integration in the primary energy mix by 2020. The energy space is strategy to meet the target without affecting its immediate sustainable development goals. This study documents this strategic effort by tracking the historical trajectory of energy policy planning since its independence in 1947. An objective ontological approach was adopted in reviewing the evolution of energy policy into five distinct phases. Phase I (1947-1970), focused on supply adequacy with the overall thrust on infrastructure development as the pillar of Indian economy. In Phase II (the 1970s) the focus shifted in addressing the energy access crisis. Phase III (the 1980s) was based on increment, diversification, and streamlining on supplies for energy security purposes. Phase IV (the 1990s) is the period of modernization of the overall Indian electricity system. Phase V (the 2000s) is the present phase of market transformation and climate change mitigation energy policies. A co-assessment of India's policy to the international climate negotiations showed that India remained responsive to international climate goals. It became reactive in the planning for sustainable energy policy after its ratification of Kyoto Protocol in 2001. Since then, India has been instrumental in administering strict emission reduction norms and efficiency measures. This review concludes that the country needs to upgrade its inefficient transmission and distribution networks, which was broadly neglected. The subsidy allocations in domestic energy resources should be well-adjusted without compromising on its social costs

Hydrodynamic effects in shear-induced aggregation

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RR 6943(2000,23) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Weighted two-band target entropy minimization for the reconstruction of pure component mass spectra: Simulation studies and the application to real systems

10.1016/S1044-0305(03)00540-3Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry14111295-1305JAMS