Antioxidant and antihypertensive activities of rice bran peptides

Protein isolates and peptide fractions from food sources (cereal grains), have been shown to exert bioactive properties including antiobesity, anticancer, antiangiogenic, etc. One such food source is rice bran, which is an underutilized co-product of rough rice milling. It contains 90% of the nutrients and nutraceuticals of value to health, including high quality protein. The high quality protein is a potential source to generate peptides that can reduce hypertension and oxidative stress, both being important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to extract peptide hydrolysates from heat stabilized defatted rice bran by enzymatic hydrolysis, evaluate the hydrolysates for gastrointestinal (GI) resistance, fractionate the GI-resistant hydrolysates by ultrafiltration to obtain \u3e50 and 10-50 kDa fractions, and determine antihypertensive and antioxidant activities in the fractions. For antihypertension activity, angiotension-1 converting enzyme (ACE) assay, and for antioxidant activity, the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was conducted. We report that the ACE-I inhibition activity values for the unfractionated and unhydrolyzed (control), and fractions of \u3e50 kDa, and 10-50 kDa were 6% (control), 78%, and 55%, respectively, clearly denoting antihypertensive activity for the peptide fractions. When tested for antioxidant activity, the \u3e50 kDa fraction decreased from an initial DPPH of 95.48 to 78.99 mg/g, while the 10-50 kDa fraction decreased from an initial 110.35 to 76.53 mg/g, depicting reduction of radical-induced oxidant stress. The results demonstrated that the high molecular sized peptide hydrolysate fractions (\u3e50 and 10-50 kDa) from rice bran bear antihypertensive and antioxidant properties and could possibly find a place as a health beneficial nutraceutical ingredient in food applications

Preparation, Separation, Purification, Characterization and Human Cell Line Anti-Cancer Evaluation of Rice Bran Peptides

Bioactive compounds are revolutionizing the nutritional and medicinal world with their inherent disease-fighting properties. A wide range of functional groups fall under the category of imparting health benefits. Compounds from both animal and plant origins have been generated as bioactive agents that have opened up new vistas for alternative medicine and natural healing. For example, in a debilitating disease like cancer, these compounds can act to suppress or delay the underlying pathology over and above the conventional treatment strategies involving drugs or chemotherapy. In other words conventional and invasive therapy, although still considered appropriate at certain stages of cancer, their low success rates have necessitated and ushered in an era of nutraceuticals or naturally available bioactive compounds that can through diet reduce the progression of cancers thereby providing a replacement or supplement to pharmacologic treatments. As a result many, including Americans are supplementing traditional health care by turning to nutraceuticals and functional foods. Animal and plant derived bioactive compounds have been shown to render positive health benefits. However with the outbreaks of a few meat-related illnesses, vegetarianism is on the rise. Compounds derived from plants including fruits and vegetables are being researched for the presence of bioactive compounds. Cereal grains are also being identified to be valuable sources of bioactive proteins and peptides that help arrest disease progression. The increasing knowledge of peptides with anti-disease properties like antihypertensive, antimutagenic, and anticancer has created commercial interest in using them as functional ingredients in food products. Bioactive peptide research had focused primarily on animal, fish, and dairy proteins but owing to disease propensities and religious reasons many are turning to study and recommend plant derived products. Protein isolates and fractions from food sources have been shown to exert anti-mitogenic, anti-hypertensive, anti-cancerous, and anti-microbial effects, particularly peptides that are broken down from proteins available in foods have been documented to possess anti-disease characteristics. Hence exploring and testing for bioactivities, in compounds originating from plant sources has gained interest. Cereal proteins particularly have been utilized to obtain hydrolysates and peptides for testing against disease attributes like anti-hypertensive or anti-cancer etc. The following research has been based on grounds of utilizing cereal grains\u27 by-product and hopes to provide scope for reducing cancerous states with the use of natural, inexpensive and readily available value-added byproducts obtained during processing of certain cereal grains. Rice bran is one such byproduct obtained during milling of rice. It contains 90% of the nutrients and nutraceuticals, and forms 8-10% of the total weight. The rice bran components include high quality protein, phenolics, dietary fiber, source of vitamins and minerals. Rice bran is primarily used as animal feed and to extract oil which is used in cooking. It has nearly 20% protein and could be a source of bioactive peptides and hence a functional food for health benefits. The State of Arkansas is ranked number one in the production of rice and, rice bran is a cheap co-product of rough rice milling. Rice bran production rate in the United States has reached 800,000 tons annually. Although rice bran production is so high, it is mostly under-utilized. In spite of numerous potential health benefits little work has been done with rice bran to produce functional bioactive compounds. Rice bran protein has the potential for creating anticancer peptides. The high quality protein can be broken down to generate peptides. There are no systematic studies reported on the production of anti-cancer peptides from commercially available heat stabilized defatted rice bran by proteolytic enzyme hydrolysis and, particularly their resistance to gastrointestinal environment. Therefore, a systematic study on the production of gastrointestinal resistant peptides from rice bran by enzymatic hydrolysis, and testing for anticancer activity was needed. In this research rice bran was used for preparing peptides with an intention of providing benefits in controlling cancer cell growth. The protein was directly hydrolyzed using food grade enzyme to prepare peptides. These were treated with simulated gastro-intestinal juice before fractionation and collection according to their molecular sizes using ultrafiltration technique. The different sized peptides were tested for bio-activity by cell culture techniques to assess their ability to control cancer cell proliferation. Identifying and characterizing rice bran peptides that can arrest human cancer cell proliferation formed the broad objective of this study. As a summary heat stabilized defatted rice bran was treated with endoprotease, alcalase after optimizing conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis using response surface design. Degree of hydrolysis (DH) was considered as the dictating response variable for enzymatic hydrolysis, which was set at nearly 25% to avoid both excessive hydrolysis (over 40% DH) and limited hydrolysis (under 15%). The resulting hydrolysates were treated with simulated gastric and intestinal juices to obtain gastrointestinal (GI) resistant peptides. The peptides were fractionated into molecular size ranges of \u3e50, 10–50, 5–10, and[3–(4,5–dimethylthiazol–2–yl)–5–(3–carboxymethoxyphenyl)–2–(4–sulfophenyl)–2H–tetrazolium, inner salt; (MTS)] and the electron coupling reagent, phenazine methosulfate or [3–(4,5–dimethylthiazol–2–yl)–2,5–diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT). In order to provide a comprehensive picture for cancer cell proliferation inhibitory effects of the peptide fractions, and also due to the specificity of each cancer cell type, cancer cells derived from multiple sites representing colon, breast, lung and liver were chosen. The idea was to evaluate rice bran peptide(s) for multiple site activity against cancers. Two colon cancer cell lines including a tumorogenic cell line, two breast cancer cell lines including a tumorogenic cell line, a lung and a liver cancer cell line were selected for the study. The idea of including tumorogenic cell lines representing colon and breast was to decipher any probable anti-tumorigenic activity of the bran peptide fractions because colon and breast organs are prone to involve tumors as part of cancer pathology more commonly than other cancer types chosen for the study. Both GI and non-GI resistant fractions were initially screened with each cancer cell line for evaluating cell viability patterns of the fractions. Based on the findings the5–10 kDa fraction compared to other fractions, controls as well as non-GI resistant fractions. The The highlight of the research has been the demonstration of GI-resistant5–10kDa bran peptide hydrolysates to inhibit growth of certain cancer cell types more effectively compared to controls, and nonresistant fractions. GI resistant fractions had better anti-cancer activities than non–GI resistant fractions of which theSpecifically, the70–75% cytotoxicity to colon (Caco–2, HCT–116), 70–80% cytotoxicity to breast (MCF–7, HTB–22) and 80% cytotoxicity to liver (HepG2) cells respectively. The 5–10kDa fraction caused 80% cytotoxicity to liver (HepG2) cancer cells alone. This implies thatanti–tumorogenic agent. The80% inhibition to colon, breast and liver cancer cells. Amino acid analysis of the peptide revealed the presence of Arginine, Proline and Glutamic acid residues. Full characterization of the peptide by proteomic tools coupled to mass spectrometry enabled determination of the amino acid sequence, Gln–Glu–Arg–Pro–Arg. Thus a pentapeptide from rice bran has been isolated and characterized for multiple site activity against cancers. This could mean that a food–derived peptide could act as a cheaper natural alternative over synthetic anti–cancer drugs for treatment against cancers originating from multiple sites. The significance of the findings observed in this study lies in the potential capacity by which a natural nutraceutical agent like rice bran could bear positive impact on human health through its protein components providing potentials for advancement in medicinal application from an agricultural standpoint, while it is considered as a co– product of a larger process. Successful utilization of data from this research will revolutionize the concept of preparing peptides with bioactivity against human cancers and promote further study of value added products from the cereal grains like rice bran

Steering of Discrete Event Systems: Control Theory Approach

Runtime verification involves monitoring the system at runtime to check for conformance of the execution trace to user defined safety properties. Typically, run-time verifiers do not assume a system model and hence cannot predict violations until they occur. This limits the practical applicability of runtime verification. Steering is the process of predicting the occurrence of violations and preventing them by controlling system execution. Steerers can achieve this using a limited knowledge of the system model even in situations where it is infeasible to store the entire model. In this paper, we explore a control-theoretic view of steering for discrete event systems. We introduce an architecture for steering and also describe different steering paradigms

Optimal Control of Software Ensuring Safety and Functionality

Existing verification and validation methodologies can detect software violations very effectively but fail to provide any mechanism for correcting faults once they are detected. Detection of faults, their diagnosis and corrective actions are all essential components of any software rectification framework. In this paper, we propose a framework for correction of violations in software systems ensuring that the desired goals of the system are achieved. We describe a stochastic finite state machine used to abstract a software system along with the uncertainty in its operating environment. Safety property violations and satisfaction of functionalities are abstracted using penalties and rewards on the states, respectively. Rectification of software is then formulated as a stochastic optimal control problem over this abstraction. Algorithms polynomial in the size of the abstraction have been developed for solving this optimization problem exactly. The paper also applies the developed framework to a variety of examples from different domains

Study on Prevalence and Surgical Management of Haemorrhoid’s in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in a Rural Area

Background: Haemorrhoids, which is also termed as piles characterized by the enlarged and bulged blood vessels surrounding the supporting tissues present in the anal canal of an individual. In the present study, an attempt has been made to find the prevalence of haemorrhoids and surgical management done in our geographical area. Methods: The present study was retrospective, cross-sectional study from the period of 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2017. A total of 351 haemorrhoid’s patients were admitted in inpatient surgical ward during that period. The demographic details of all the patients were noted from the medical records. Results: A total 219 (62%) patients were male and 132 (38%) were females. Most of the patients are predominantly adults above the age of 21 years. The post-operative stay in hospital is almost less than 10 days as it indicates that most of the patients were discharged without any complication. Conclusions: The male patients are predominant compared to female patients. The surgical complications are less. The exact prevalence rate may be high as some patients may either undergo a self-treatment or native medicine treatmen

Olefin Cyclopropanation via Carbene Transfer Catalyzed by Engineered Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Transition metal–catalyzed transfers of carbenes, nitrenes, and oxenes are powerful methods for functionalizing C=C and C–H bonds. Nature has evolved a diverse toolbox for oxene transfers, as exemplified by the myriad monooxygenation reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The isoelectronic carbene transfer to olefins, a widely used C–C bond–forming reaction in organic synthesis, has no biological counterpart. Here we report engineered variants of cytochrome P450_BM3 that catalyze highly diastereo- and enantioselective cyclopropanation of styrenes from diazoester reagents via putative carbene transfer. This work highlights the capacity to adapt existing enzymes for the catalysis of synthetically important reactions not previously observed in nature

Analysis of Computer Network Security Storage System Based on Cloud Computing Environment

A fundamental component of cloud computers from a business perspective is that users are allowed to use any desire and pay with a product that desire. Its cloud services were accessible anytime and anywhere consumers needed them. As a result, consumers are free to purchase whatever IT services they want, and they don't have to worry about how easy things can be managed. The remote server is used in a new information storage computing architecture that is considered an Internet generation. Ensuring security, material at resource providers' sites is a challenge that must be addressed in cloud technology. Thus, rather than reliance on a single provider for knowledge storing, this research implies developing construction for protection of knowledge stockpiling with a variation of operations, in which knowledge is scrambled and divided into numerous cipher frames and distributed across a large number of provider places. This support was applied to provide greater security, scalability, or reliability that was suggested according to the new structure. This paper, presented an encoded model for the cloud environment to improve security. The proposed model comprises the parity metadata for the database management provision to the provider. In the developed encoder chunks parity is not stored within the single resources with the provision of the available information chunks. The constructed security architecture in the RAID layer increases the dependability of the data with the deployment of the RAID 10 deployment. The developed RAID-based encoder chunks exhibit improved efficiency for the higher uptime at a minimal cost

Recommendation Model-Based 5G Network and Cognitive System of Cloud Data with AI Technique in IOMT Applications

Recommender system provides the significant suggestion towards the effective service offers for the vast range of big data. The Internet of Things (IoT) environment exhibits the value added application services to the customer with the provision of the effective collection and processing of information. In the extension of the IoT, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is evolved for the patient healthcare monitoring and processing. The data collected from the IoMT are stored and processed with the cognitive system for the data transmission between the users. However, in the conventional system subjected to challenges of processing big data while transmission with the cognitive radio network. In this paper, developed a effective cognitive 5G communication model with the recommender model for the IoMT big data processing. The proposed model is termed as Ranking Strategy Internet of Medical Things (RSIoMT). The proposed RSIoMT model uses the distance vector estimation between the feature variables with the ranking. The proposed RSIoMT model perform the recommender model with the ranking those are matches with the communication devices for improved wireless communication quality. The proposed system recommender model uses the estimation of direct communication link between the IoMT variables in the cognitive radio system. The proposed RSIoMT model evaluates the collected IoMT model data with the consideration of the four different healthcare datasets for the data transmission through cognitive radio network. Through the developed model the performance of the system is evaluated based on the deep learning model with the consideration of the collaborative features. The simulation analysis is comparatively examined based on the consideration of the wireless performance. Simulation analysis expressed that the proposed RSIoMT model exhibits the superior performance than the conventional classifier. The comparative analysis expressed that the proposed mode exhibits ~3 – 4% performance improvement over the conventional classifiers. The accuracy of the  developed model achieves 99% which is ~3 – 9% higher than the conventional classifier. In terms of the channel performance, the proposed RSIoMT model exhibits the reduced recommender relay selection count of 1 while the other technique achieves the relay value of 13 which implies that proposed model performance is ~4-6% higher than the other techniques

SCHEMA Recombination of a Fungal Cellulase Uncovers a Single Mutation That Contributes Markedly to Stability

A quantitative linear model accurately (R^2 = 0.88) describes the thermostabilities of 54 characterized members of a family of fungal cellobiohydrolase class II (CBH II) cellulase chimeras made by SCHEMA recombination of three fungal enzymes, demonstrating that the contributions of SCHEMA sequence blocks to stability are predominantly additive. Thirty-one of 31 predicted thermostable CBH II chimeras have thermal inactivation temperatures higher than the most thermostable parent CBH II, from Humicola insolens, and the model predicts that hundreds more CBH II chimeras share this superior thermostability. Eight of eight thermostable chimeras assayed hydrolyze the solid cellulosic substrate Avicel at temperatures at least 5 °C above the most stable parent, and seven of these showed superior activity in 16-h Avicel hydrolysis assays. The sequence-stability model identified a single block of sequence that adds 8.5 °C to chimera thermostability. Mutating individual residues in this block identified the C313S substitution as responsible for the entire thermostabilizing effect. Introducing this mutation into the two recombination parent CBH IIs not featuring it (Hypocrea jecorina and H. insolens) decreased inactivation, increased maximum Avicel hydrolysis temperature, and improved long time hydrolysis performance. This mutation also stabilized and improved Avicel hydrolysis by Phanerochaete chrysosporium CBH II, which is only 55–56% identical to recombination parent CBH IIs. Furthermore, the C313S mutation increased total H. jecorina CBH II activity secreted by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression host more than 10-fold. Our results show that SCHEMA structure-guided recombination enables quantitative prediction of cellulase chimera thermostability and efficient identification of stabilizing mutations