Pharmaceutical Equivalence of Distributed Generic Antiretroviral (ARV) in Asian Settings: The Cross-Sectional Surveillance Study - PEDA Study.

Ensuring that medicines meet quality standards is mandatory for ensuring safety and efficacy. There have been occasional reports of substandard generic medicines, especially in resource-limiting settings where policies to control quality may be less rigorous. As HIV treatment in Thailand depends mostly on affordable generic antiretrovirals (ARV), we performed quality assurance testing of several generic ARV available from different sources in Thailand and a source from Vietnam.We sampled Tenofovir 300mg, Efavirenz 600mg and Lopinavir/ritonavir 200/50mg from 10 primary hospitals randomly selected from those participating in the National AIDS Program, 2 non-government organization ARV clinics, and 3 private drug stores. Quality of ARV was analyzed by blinded investigators at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Chulalongkorn University. The analysis included an identification test for drug molecules, a chemical composition assay to quantitate the active ingredients, a uniformity of mass test and a dissolution test to assess in-vitro drug release. Comparisons were made against the standards described in the WHO international pharmacopeia.A total of 42 batches of ARV from 15 sources were sampled from January-March 2015. Among those generics, 23, 17, 1, and 1 were Thai-made, Indian-made, Vietnamese-made and Chinese-made, respectively. All sampled products, regardless of manufacturers or sources, met the International Pharmacopeia standards for composition assay, mass uniformity and dissolution. Although local regulations restrict ARV supply to hospitals and clinics, samples of ARV could be bought from private drug stores even without formal prescription.Sampled generic ARVs distributed within Thailand and 1 Vietnamese pharmacy showed consistent quality. However some products were illegally supplied without prescription, highlighting the importance of dispensing ARV for treatment or prevention in facilities where continuity along the HIV treatment and care cascade is available

Tenofovir (300 mg) drug sources and characteristics.

<p>Tenofovir (300 mg) drug sources and characteristics.</p

Lopinavir (200 mg)/Ritonavir (50 mg) drug sources and characteristics.

<p>Lopinavir (200 mg)/Ritonavir (50 mg) drug sources and characteristics.</p

Sampled drugs, ordered by site ID.

<p>Sampled drugs, ordered by site ID.</p

Geographic location of sampling sites in Thailand and Vietnam.

<p>Geographic location of sampling sites in Thailand and Vietnam.</p

Descriptive statistics of drug content, uniformity of mass and dissolution tests.

<p>Descriptive statistics of drug content, uniformity of mass and dissolution tests.</p

Percent of label amount of each sampled ARV, by sampling site.

<p>Percent of label amount of each sampled ARV, by sampling site.</p

Efavirenz (600 mg) drug sources and characteristics.

<p>Efavirenz (600 mg) drug sources and characteristics.</p