キュウセイ コキュウ アッパク ショウコウグン ニタイスル サイシン ノ コキュウ カンリ

The mortality rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been still high.　A many kinds of strategies for ARDS are being tried in the world. The important factors which influence for pathological-physiology of ARDS during the mechanical ventilation are gravity consolidation, atelectasis, and ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). VILI is caused by shear stress that is induced by the repeated collapse and recruit of alveolus. Alveolar over-distention caused by large tidal volume also induces VILI. To prevent the VILI, the open lung strategy (The lung protective strategies for ARDS) is recommended. The high positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) that prevents the shear stress and a small tidal volume are necessary for ARDS treatment.　The concept of the open lung strategy is re-open of alveolus and keeping the recruited alveolus. Recruitment maneuver, preventive therapy by PEEP, and prone positioning are lately proposed in the world. Recruitment maneuver is likely to inspire the gas at the level of vital capacity. Preventive PEEP is useful for the secondary lung injury of sepsis, burn and trauma. Prone position in Intensive Care Unit that is recognized to increase the oxygenation for lung injury patients may improve the mortality of severe ARDS patients.　Key words ： Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, acute lung injury, recruitment maneuver, pressure volume curve, prone positio

Action of peripherally administered cholecystokinin on monoaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the rat brain.

In an acute study, cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate (CCK) in doses of 1, 10 or 100 micrograms/kg body weight was injected intraperitoneally into rats just prior to the dark cycle. Rats were sacrificed two hours following the CCK injection. Norepinephrine levels were elevated in the dorsal amygdala of rats injected with 10 micrograms of CCK as well as in the septum of rats injected with 1 and 10 micrograms of CCK. The dopamine level in the septum of rats injected with 1 microgram of CCK as well as the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level in the lateral hypothalamus of rats injected with 10 micrograms of CCK were also elevated. In a chronic study, CCK (1 microgram/kg body weight/h) was subcutaneously infused into rats with Alzet osmotic minipump for seven consecutive days. The daily food consumption did not change during the 7 days of CCK infusion. The dopamine turnover in the striatum accelerated and the GABA level increased. On the contrary, dopamine metabolism in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus decreased. Furthermore, the serotonin level in the substantia nigra decreased. Norepinephrine levels decreased in the nucleus paraventricularis, the locus coeruleus and the substantia nigra. The results suggest that peripherally administered CCK may act on the monoaminergic neurons and GABAergic neurons in the brain.</p

The effect of acute and repeated ethanol administration on monoamines and their metabolites in brain regions of rats.

Concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in eleven brain regions of rats following acute and repeated ethanol administration: (a) an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1, 2, 3 or 4g ethanol/kg body weight and (b) i.p. injection of 1 or 2g ethanol/kg body weight for seven consecutive days. After acute administration, the concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites appeared to be altered in all brain regions examined except substantia nigra and dorsal amygdala, with maximal variation 2 or 3h after 3g ethanol administration. After repeated administration, the alterations following injections of 2.0g/kg were more marked than the injections of 1.0g/kg. Generally, the levels of NE, DA and 5-HT were decreased while the levels of HVA, DOPAC and 5-HIAA were increased with a few exception. The most prominent findings were seen in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and locus coeruleus. These data indicate that concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites can be determined simultaneously in discrete brain regions and that monoaminergic systems in the brain respond region-specifically to ethanol treatment.&#60;/P&#62;</p

Regular Poisson structures on massive non-rotating BTZ black holes

We revisit the non-rotating massive BTZ black hole within a pseudo-Riemannian symmetric space context. Using classical symmetric space techniques we find that every such space intrinsically carries a regular Poisson structure whose symplectic leaves are para-hermitian symmetric surfaces. We also obtain a global expression of the metric yielding a dynamical description of the black hole from its initial to its final singularity.Comment: LaTex, 18 pages, 3 figures, version published in Nucl. Phys.

Type II Seesaw Dominance in Non-supersymmetric and Split Susy SO(10) and Proton Life Time

Recently type II seesaw dominance in a supersymmetric SO(10) framework has been found useful in explaining large solar and atmospheric mixing angles as well as larger values of $theta_{13}$ while unifying quark and lepton masses. An important question in these models is whether there exists consistency between coupling unification and type II seesaw dominance. Scenarios where this consistency can be demonstrated have been given in a SUSY framework. In this paper we give examples where type II dominance occurs in SO(10) models without supersymmetry but with additional TeV scale particles and also in models with split-supersummetry. Grand unification is realized in a two-step process via breaking of SO(10) to SU(5) and then to a TeV scale standard model supplemented by extra fields and an SU(5) Higgs multiplet ${15}_H$ at a scale about $10^{12}$ GeV to give type-II seesaw. The predictions for proton lifetime in these models are in the range $\tau_p^0 = 2\times 10^{35}$ yrs. to $\tau_p^0 = 6\times 10^{35}$ yrs.. A number of recent numerical fits to GUT-scale fermion masses can be accommodated within this model.Comment: 7 pages LaTeX, 3 figures, related areas: hep-ex, hep-th, astro-ph; Reference added, typo corrected, version to appear in Physical Review

Effect of a tree tonic on pine tree vitalities (1)

A tree tonic, which was the powder composed of seven kinds of herb medicines, rice brain, soybean, rice, pearl barley and etc., was exploited and its effectiveness on recovering or maintaining the vitality of trees was examined by the field treatment at seven pine (Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii) stands in Hiroshima and Yamaguchi Prefectures. The tonic solution was injected into the soil at 6-90 points just around each trunk of about 3,700 pine trees (treatment trees). One year later their vitality, which was evaluated by the leaf longevity and divided into eleven grades, was measured again as same as just before the treatment. The average mortality of the treatment trees was only 0.8(nil)er year, while 17.10f non-treatment, i. e., control 4,700 trees, which were adjacent to the treatment trees, died during the year. The vitality of treatment trees became up on an average rather more than before treatment. The facts suggest remarkable effects of the tonic on the vitality of trees

Decomposition and ergosterol content of the moss Hylocomium splendens litter under various climatic conditions

We examined the differences in the decomposition rate and fungal biomass in the litter of Hylocomium splendens among forests under different climatic conditions. The samples were collected from one boreal forest in Canada, three subalpine forests on Mt. Fuji and one cool temperate forest on Mt. Tsurugi, Shikoku in Japan. The decomposition rate in the cool temperate forest was much faster than those in the boreal and subalpine forests. Ergosterol, which is a component of fungal cell membranes, was used as an indicator of fungal biomass. Ergosterol was detected not only from brown moss litter but also from green shoots of the moss. In spite of the faster decomposition rate, ergosterol content of the moss litter of the cool temperate forest was about one half of those of the boreal and subalpine forests. The results suggest that the relationship between fungal biomass and decomposition rate differs significantly among forest types

Influence of liver injury on the catecholamine metabolism in rat brain.

The present study investigated the brain catecholamine metabolism of rats with liver injury induced either by malnutrition or with CCl4. In the malnutrition group, the plasma tyrosine concentration was low, while it showed a tendency to be high in the cerebral cortex. Dopamine concentrations were low in both the cerebral cortex and diencephalon. Norepinephrine concentrations were low in the cerebral cortex, striatum and diencephalon. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was elevated while monoamine oxidase activity was decreased in the striatum. In the CCl4 group, tyrosine concentrations in the plasma and cerebral cortex did not change. The dopamine concentration in the cerebral cortex increased five days after, and the norepinephrine concentration in the diencephalon increased 24 h after the last administration of CCl4. These data suggest that catecholaminergic neurons in the brain may be substantially affected by liver injury. It may be considered that malnutrition disturbs brain development, particularly in young rats.</p