DETERMINANTS SOCIODEMOGRAPHIQUES ET CLINIQUES DE LA SCHISTOSOMIASE URINAIRE A LA CITE DE TSHELA EN 2021 VILLE PROVINCE DU KONGO CENTRAL, RD CONGO

La présente étude que nous avons l’insigne honneur  de présenter la synthèse,  avait comme objectif général d’identifier les déterminants sociodémographiques et cliniques de la schistosomiase urinaire puis  elle s’est focalisée aussi à déterminer la prévalence des infections de la schistosomiase, à la cité de Tshela durant la  période de 5 mois allant du 10 Mai 2021 au 10 Octobre 2021. Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale corrélationnelle à visée descriptive et analytique menée auprès de 432 patients choisis de manière aléatoire simple.   A l’issue des analyses, les résultats ont montré que, la prévalence de la schistosomiase est de 43,3%, celle du paludisme est de 25,9% contre celle de Covid-19 qui est de 21,3%. Selon le nombre des maladies développées, 26,4% n’ont pas développé de maladie ; 58,3% ont présenté l’une des maladies ; 13,7% ont présenté deux maladies contre 1,6% qui ont présenté les trois maladies à l’étude. La prévalence de la co-infection à la schistosomiase urinaire, est de 15,3% contre 84,7% qui n’ont pas présenté la co-infection. Le test de chi-carrée a montré une différence statistiquement significative entre la co-infection à la schistosomiase urinaire et l’âge (p=0,001), la profession (p=0,001) et la situation matrimoniale (p=0,0001), la pâleur (p=0,001), la toux sèche (p=0,001), la difficulté respiratoire (p=0,001), la fatigue (p=0,001), les courbatures (p=0,001), les maux de gorge (p=0,001), le prurit (p=0,001) ainsi que l’hématurie (p=0,001). Tels sont les déterminants sociodémographiques et cliniques de la schistosomiase urinaire,  à la cité de Tshela..La présente étude que nous avons l’insigne honneur  de présenter la synthèse,  avait comme objectif général d’identifier les déterminants sociodémographiques et cliniques de la schistosomiase urinaire puis  elle s’est focalisée aussi à déterminer la prévalence des infections de la schistosomiase, à la cité de Tshela durant la  période de 5 mois allant du 10 Mai 2021 au 10 Octobre 2021. Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale corrélationnelle à visée descriptive et analytique menée auprès de 432 patients choisis de manière aléatoire simple.   A l’issue des analyses, les résultats ont montré que, la prévalence de la schistosomiase est de 43,3%, celle du paludisme est de 25,9% contre celle de Covid-19 qui est de 21,3%. Selon le nombre des maladies développées, 26,4% n’ont pas développé de maladie ; 58,3% ont présenté l’une des maladies ; 13,7% ont présenté deux maladies contre 1,6% qui ont présenté les trois maladies à l’étude. La prévalence de la co-infection à la schistosomiase urinaire, est de 15,3% contre 84,7% qui n’ont pas présenté la co-infection. Le test de chi-carrée a montré une différence statistiquement significative entre la co-infection à la schistosomiase urinaire et l’âge (p=0,001), la profession (p=0,001) et la situation matrimoniale (p=0,0001), la pâleur (p=0,001), la toux sèche (p=0,001), la difficulté respiratoire (p=0,001), la fatigue (p=0,001), les courbatures (p=0,001), les maux de gorge (p=0,001), le prurit (p=0,001) ainsi que l’hématurie (p=0,001). Tels sont les déterminants sociodémographiques et cliniques de la schistosomiase urinaire,  à la cité de Tshela.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of meningococcal carriage and disease isolates in Burkina Faso after mass vaccination with a serogroup a conjugate vaccine

BACKGROUND: The conjugate vaccine against serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (NmA), MenAfriVac, was first introduced in mass vaccination campaigns of the 1-29-year-olds in Burkina Faso in 2010. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize meningococcal isolates circulating in Burkina Faso before and up to 13 months after MenAfriVac mass vaccination. METHODS: A total of 1,659 meningococcal carriage isolates were collected in a repeated cross-sectional carriage study of the 1-29-year-olds in three districts of Burkina Faso in 2010 and 2011, before and up to 13 months after mass vaccination. Forty-two invasive isolates were collected through the national surveillance in Burkina Faso in the same period. All the invasive isolates and 817 carriage isolates were characterized by serogroup, multilocus sequence typing and porA-fetA sequencing. RESULTS: Seven serogroup A isolates were identified, six in 2010, before vaccination (4 from carriers and 2 from patients), and one in 2011 from an unvaccinated patient; all were assigned to sequence type (ST)-2859 of the ST-5 clonal complex. No NmA carriage isolate and no ST-2859 isolate with another capsule were identified after vaccination. Serogroup X carriage and disease prevalence increased before vaccine introduction, due to the expansion of ST-181, which comprised 48.5% of all the characterized carriage isolates. The hypervirulent serogroup W ST-11 clone that was responsible for most of meningococcal disease in 2011 and 2012 was not observed in 2010; it appeared during the epidemic season of 2011, when it represented 40.6% of the serogroup W carriage isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Successive clonal waves of ST-181 and ST-11 may explain the changing epidemiology in Burkina Faso after the virtual disappearance of NmA disease and carriage. No ST-2859 strain of any serogroup was found after vaccination, suggesting that capsule switching of ST-2859 did not occur, at least not during the first 13 months after vaccination

Public Health Impact After the Introduction of PsA-TT: The First 4 Years.

BACKGROUND: During the first introduction of a group A meningococcal vaccine (PsA-TT) in 2010-2011 and its rollout from 2011 to 2013, >150 million eligible people, representing 12 hyperendemic meningitis countries, have been vaccinated. METHODS: The new vaccine effectiveness evaluation framework was established by the World Health Organization and partners. Meningitis case-based surveillance was strengthened in PsA-TT first-introducer countries, and several evaluation studies were conducted to estimate the vaccination coverage and to measure the impact of vaccine introduction on meningococcal carriage and disease incidence. RESULTS: PsA-TT implementation achieved high vaccination coverage, and results from studies conducted showed significant decrease of disease incidence as well as significant reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of group A meningococci in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, demonstrating the vaccine's ability to generate herd protection and prevent group A epidemics. CONCLUSIONS: Lessons learned from this experience provide useful insights in how to guide and better prepare for future new vaccine introductions in resource-limited settings

Molecular Characterization of Invasive Meningococcal Isolates from Countries in the African Meningitis Belt before Introduction of a Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine.

International audienc

Persistent low carriage of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis two years after mass vaccination with the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac

Background The conjugate vaccine against serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (NmA), MenAfriVac, is currently being introduced throughout the African meningitis belt. In repeated multicentre cross-sectional studies in Burkina Faso we demonstrated a significant effect of vaccination on NmA carriage for one year following mass vaccination in 2010. A new multicentre carriage study was performed in October-November 2012, two years after MenAfriVac mass vaccination. Methods Oropharyngeal samples were collected and analysed for presence of N. meningitidis (Nm) from a representative selection of 1-29-year-olds in three districts in Burkina Faso using the same procedures as in previous years. Characterization of Nm isolates included serogrouping, multilocus sequence typing, and porA and fetA sequencing. A small sample of invasive isolates collected during the epidemic season of 2012 through the national surveillance system were also analysed. Results From a total of 4964 oropharyngeal samples, overall meningococcal carriage prevalence was 7.86%. NmA prevalence was 0.02% (1 carrier), significantly lower (OR, 0.05, P = 0.005, 95% CI, 0.006-0.403) than pre-vaccination prevalence (0.39%). The single NmA isolate was sequence type (ST)-7, P1.20,9;F3-1, a clone last identified in Burkina Faso in 2003. Nm serogroup W (NmW) dominated with a carriage prevalence of 6.85%, representing 87.2% of the isolates. Of 161 NmW isolates characterized by molecular techniques, 94% belonged to the ST-11 clonal complex and 6% to the ST-175 complex. Nm serogroup X (NmX) was carried by 0.60% of the participants and ST-181 accounted for 97% of the NmX isolates. Carriage prevalence of serogroup Y and non-groupable Nm was 0.20% and 0.18%, respectively. Among the 20 isolates recovered from meningitis cases, NmW dominated (70%), followed by NmX (25%). ST-2859, the only ST with a serogroup A capsule found in Burkina Faso since 2004, was not found with another capsule, neither among carriage nor invasive isolates. Conclusions The significant reduction of NmA carriage still persisted two years following MenAfriVac vaccination, and no cases of NmA meningitis were recorded. High carriage prevalence of NmW ST-11 was consistent with the many cases of NmW meningitis in the epidemic season of 2012 and the high proportion of NmW ST-11 among the characterized invasive isolates

Some properties of minimal imperfect graphs

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RN 4052(91703-OR) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Serogroup distribution (%) in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger in the period 2004–2010.

<p>In the figure, the few non-groupable isolates were included together with those assigned to a serogroup on the basis of the capsule PCR and/or their molecular profile, except for ST-192 isolates (n = 2) that were likely to harbour a capsule null gene <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046019#pone.0046019-Findlow1" target="_blank">[36]</a>. Black bars: serogroup A; white bars: serogroup W135; oblique strips: serogroup X; vertical strips: serogroup Y.</p

Serogroup and sequence type (ST) of invasive meningococcal isolates from sub-Saharan Africa in 2004–2010.

a<p>NG, Non-groupable as determined by slide agglutination method.</p>b<p>UA, Unassigned to any clonal complex.</p>c<p>CAR, Central African Republic.</p

Evolution of the ST-5 complex in the meningitis belt in the period 1988–2010.

<p>The ST is shown within the bar, the country where the new ST was first detected is indicated above and the locus changed to the left. The left end of the bar shows when the variant was first detected and the right end shows the last reported isolation. The three dominant STs are marked with grey background.</p