Knowledge and performance of senior Dental Students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (Iran) regarding the principles of oral biopsy and cytology

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the sixth-year dental students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences regarding the principles of oral biopsy and cytology. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was concocted on 70 of the final year dental students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2021. The data was collected in the census method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the first part of which included demographic information (n=3) and the second part related to students’ knowledge (n=10) and performance (n=4) of the principles of biopsy and oral cytology. Before distributing the questionnaire, its validity and reliability were confirmed. The data was entered into SPSS24 software and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Independent sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean and (±SD) of the age of the students was 24.84±1.72 years and 31 (44.3%) were men. The mean (±SD) scores of students’ knowledge and performance of biopsy were 4.41 (±1.12) and 0.68 (±0.60), respectively. Also, students’ knowledge and performance regarding oral cytology were 0.51 (±0.63) and 0.47 (±0.58), respectively. There was no statistically significant relationship between gender and age variables with knowledge and performance levels in the biopsy and cytology sections (P-Value>0.05). Conclusion: Our study showed students’ knowledge and performance of oral biopsy was moderate, while their knowledge and performance of oral cytology was very poor, therefore, it seems necessary to provide solutions to increase students’ knowledge and performance. Keywords: Knowledge; Performance; Biopsy; Cytology; Dental student

The Effect of Non-nutritive Sucking on Mother's Finger on Feeding Tolerance and Attainment of Independent Oral Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Trial

Background Non-nutritive sucking is part of the initial development process in preterm infants that may speed up the transition from the tube to oral feeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of non-nutritive sucking on mother's finger on feeding tolerance and attainment of independent oral feeding in preterm infants. Materials and Methods This single blind clinical trial was conducted on 40 preterm infants admitted to the NICU of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah in 2017. In the intervention group, non-nutritive sucking was performed on the mother's finger three times a day for 10 days during the first 10 minutes of gavage. Then, the gastric residual volume, time to achieve independent oral feeding, length of hospitalization, and weight at discharge were measured. The data was analyzed using SPSS software version 24.0. Results: According to the results, the mean of gastric residual volume was less in the intervention group (0.65±0.33) compared to the control group (2.30±0.71) (

Addressing the Younger Age at Onset in Breast Cancer Patients in Asia: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Fifty Years of Quality Data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer

There is an established fact that Asian breast cancer patients are, on average, younger than their European counterparts. This study aimed to utilize the data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents I through XIII (published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer) to examine what contributes to the younger age at onset in the Asian population. Material and Methods. Data (number of breast cancer cases and corresponding population figures) for 29 registries in Europe and 9 registries in Asia for the period of 1953–2002 was accessioned and pooled to form two distinct populations, Asia and Europe. The age specific rates were defined and analyzed cross-sectionally (period wise) and longitudinally (cohort wise). The magnitude and the pattern of age specific rates were analyzed using the age-period-cohort analysis. The constrained generalized linear model with a priority assumption of cohort effect as contributing factor to changing rates was used to analyze the data. Result. During the last 50 years, the rate of breast cancer increased for both populations with an estimated annual percent change of 1.03% (with 95% CI of 1.029, 1.031) for Asia and 1.016% (95% CI of 1.015, 1.017) for Europe. There were stronger cohort effects in the magnitude of rates among the Asian population compared to the European population. The cohort effects, expressed as the rate ratio with cohort born in 1970 as reference, ranged from 0.06 (95% CI 0.05, 0.08) to 0.94 (95% CI 0.93, 0.96) for Asians and 0.35 (95% CI 0.33, 0.36) to 1.03 (95% CI 1.02, 1.04) for Europeans. The estimated longitudinal age specific rates (adjusted for cohort and period effects) showed similar patterns between the two populations. Conclusion. It was concluded that a strong cohort effect contributes to the younger age at onset among Asian breast cancer patients

Comparison of sf-36 and whoqol-bref in measuring quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iranian children aged below 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose Wasting and underweight are the 2 main indicators of children’s undernutrition. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition at the national level in Iran. Methods We performed a search for original articles published in international and Iranian databases including MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, CINHAL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Scientific Information Database, Irandoc, Iranmedex, and Magiran during January 1989–August 2017. Seven keywords, in English and Persian, including malnutrition, protein energy malnutrition, growth disorders, underweight wasting, weight loss, children below 5 years old, and children, were used to search the databases. Results Finally, 17 articles were included in the meta-analysis, based on which the prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iranian children were estimated to be 11% and 5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of underweight among children in the central, western, southern, and northern parts of Iran and at the national level were 24%, 5%, 20%, 17%, and 6%, respectively. The prevalence rates of wasting in the central, western, southern, and northern parts of Iran and at the national level were 9%, 4%, 11%, 5%, and 4%, respectively. Conclusion Although the prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iran was low, some parts of the country showed high prevalence. The main reason behind this difference in the prevalence of malnutrition may be due to the level of development in different regions

The prevalence of obesity among school-aged children and youth aged 6-18 years in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis study

Obesity is considered as a major health problem of children and adolescents. The present meta-analysis was conducted by extensive search of studies on the prevalence of obesity among school-aged children and youth aged 6-18 years in Iran. METHODS: All conducted cross-sectional studies on the prevalence of obesity in Iranian students in all grades were extracted, without applying any restriction on time in national and international databases including Magiran, Iranmedex, SID, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Statistical software Stata 12 was used to analyze the data and to obtain the prevalence of obesity among Iranian students. The heterogeneity between the results was determined using statistical test I2. RESULTS: In this meta-analysis, 51 papers met our inclusion criteria and were therefore considered for the analysis. The prevalence of obesity was equal to 5.82% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5-6.66] in Iranian students. The prevalence of obesity was higher in boys than in girls (6.85% compared to 5.13%) (P = 0.300). The highest prevalence of obesity was related to students living in the North and Northwest areas with 7.07% (95% CI: 4.35-9.78). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of obesity among Iranian students is not high when compared to Western countries. However, due to lifestyle changes in recent years, it is necessary to plan intervention programs within families and schools to improve dietary patterns and physical activity of this age group. © 2017, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Trends in epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C Infections in Ilam Province: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System data

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are the main causes of severe liver failure worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence rate and trend of these infections over six successive years from 2008 to 2013 in Ilam Province, western Iran. Methods: We studied the registered data of HBV and HCV based on the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System in Ilam Province from 2008 to 2013. Incidence rate per 100,000 populations was estimated for HBV and HCV infections through location, years and age groups of patients. Results: The overall incidence rate per 100,000 populations from 2008 to 2013 for HBV infection was 9.57, 5.83, 16.26, 12.44, 21.89 and 13.93, respectively. The corresponding values for HCV infection were 0.55, 0.72, 1.44, 2.69, 1.24 and 1.93, respectively and these trends for both the HBV and HCV infections were increasing. The major distribution of HBV and HCV infections was 25-44 years of age. Both HBV and HCV infections were more common in males, urban areas and married patients. Forty-one percent of cases were carriers and history of surgery was the common risk factor. Conclusions: Our results showed that HBV and HCV are prevalent in the middle-age group. Despite effective vaccination against hepatitis B, optimized blood donor screening and better sterilization procedures for blood products, trend of HBV and HCV in Ilam are increasing. Further studies should address the role other risk factors in the trend of HBV and HCV

Gender-Age Disparity of Cancers' Incidence in Iran

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and among Iranian population; cancer is the third important causes of death. It is a critical issue to identify sex and age group difference of cancer pattern for planning and management of cancer patients, therefore the aim of present study was to examine sex and age difference in cancer incidence during 2003-2008 in Iran. The National Cancer Registry (NCR) reports from 2003 to 2008 have been applied to test trend of cancer incidence and illustrating sex-age disparity of most common cancers in Iran. Direct adjustment method was used for computing the age-specific rates (ASRs) and Cochran-Armitage tests for trends were used to test statistical significance of cancer incidence rate in both genders during 2003-2008. Our findings indicated that male and female incidence rate is increased from 64.2 to 117.5 and from 50.1 to 105.8, respectively during 2003-2008 (P for trend <0.001). Highest Age-Specific Rate of cancer in male was for stomach cancer (ASR=12.8), beside of skin cancer and in female was for breast cancer (ASR=33.2). Highest incidence rate of cancers was found in people aged 80-84 years in both genders. In elderly people, incidence rate of cancer was higher in male than female. The observed sex-age disparity of common cancers in this study indicated that male cancer of stomach and bladder and female cancer of breast and colorectal can be targeted in cancer control and prevention programs are required to reach remarkable reduction of cancer burden in Iran

بررسی وضعیت بروز عوارض مصرف هورمون و مواد نیروزا در ورزشکاران پرورش اندام ایلام

Background and aim: Unfortunately, some people have abused medical advances, and doping drug is a major problem that modern societies are facing. This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of energizers and supplement use and their side effects among young adults in Ilam. Methods: This study was performed in fitness clubs by random sampling method. Data were collected by a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The correlation coefficient between the two operational periods was 0.78. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software at a significant level of 5%. Results: The numbers of 784 cases were studied who reported 50.3% use of different supplements, 35.5% use doping drugs. 64.5% reported at least one of the side effects. The results show a significant increase in supplements usage in the first three years of athletes. Using supplements and doping drugs is more common in professional athletes. Conclusion: Specialized training education on the side effects of supplements and drugs at an earlier age and the first years of entering the clubs can have a better impact on reducing consumption.سابقه و هدف: متاسفانه افرادی از پیشرفت­‌های پزشکی سوء­استفاده کرده و سوء­مصرف مواد نیروزا از معضلات گریبانگیر جوامع مدرن است. مطالعه با هدف برآورد میزان عوارض و شیوع مصرف مواد مکمل و مواد نیروزا در جوانان شهر ایلام انجام گردید. روش کار: این مطالعه در باشگاه­‌های بدنسازی به روش نمونه­‌گیری تخصیص تصادفی انجام شد. داده­‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه جمع­‌آوری شد که روایی و پایایی آن تایید شد. ضریب همبستگی بین دو دوره عملیاتی 0/78 بود. داده­‌ها با استفاده از نرم­‌افزار SPSS در سطح معنی­‌داری 5 درصد تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته­‌ها: مطالعه با شرکت 784 نفر انجام شد که 50/3 درصد مصرف انواع مکمل و 35/5 درصد مصرف مواد نیروزا را گزارش کرده­‌اند. 64/5% افراد حداقل یکی از عوارض جانبی را گزارش کرده­‌اند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد، در 3 سال ابتدایی فعالیت ورزشکاران افزایش معنی‌­داری در مصرف مکمل‌ها وجود دارد. مصرف مکمل­‌ها و مواد نیروزا در ورزشکاران حرفه‌ای بیشتر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: آموزش­‌های تخصصی در خصوص عوارض استفاده از هورمون‌ها و مواد نیروزا در سنین پایین و سال‌های ابتدایی ورود به باشگاه می‌­تواند تاثیر زیادی در کاهش مصرف آنها داشته باشد

High Immunization Coverage in Children as One of the Major Achievements for the Health System in Iran

Vaccination considered as one of the most cost-effective health interventions worldwide  through prevention and control of many serious childhood diseases (1). It is estimated  global coverage of  Dose 3 of Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTP3)among children one year old has been 86% in 2014 (by range from 77% to 96%  in African Region and Western Pacific Region; respectively) (2). Globally in 2014, it is estimated about 18.7 million infants were not receive routine immunization services such as DTP3 vaccine. More than 60% of these children  were living in 10 undeveloped countries (3). Coverage rate the third dose of DTP vaccine (DTP3) in at the age of 12 months is a key indicator of National Immunization Programme (NIP) performance; because it reflects completion of the basic infant immunization schedule and coverage with other vaccines (2). In this study we aimed to examine status of immunization coverage in Iran compared to other countries in the world during 1980-2015