Succinic acid Production Strategy: Raw material, Organisms and Recent Applications in pharmaceutical and Food: Critical Review

Succinic acid is an essential base ingredient for manufacturing various industrial chemicals. Succinic acid has been acknowledged as one of the most significant bio based building block chemicals. Rapid demand for succinic acid has been noticed in the last 10 years. The production methods and mechanisms developed. Hence, these techniques and operations need to be revised. Recently, an omnibus rule for developing succinic acid is to find renewable carbohydrate Feedstocks. The sustainability of the resource is crucial to disintegrate the massive use of petroleum based-production. Accordingly, systematically reviewing the latest findings of bacterial production and related fermentation methods is critical. Therefore, this paper aims to study the latest research and assess the findings statistically comprehensively. The current review attempt is a step toward comprehending all the conditions surrounding succinic acid production from raw materials, microorganisms, and fermentation methods

Comparative study of natural chemical for enhanced oil recovery: Focus on extraction and adsorption at quartz sand surface

In chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR), it is very important to utilize the excessive usage of chemicals. A great opportunity lies in adopting natural surfactants, since it is cheaper, ecosystem friendly, and less toxic than their counterpart synthetic surfactants. Despite the availability of natural surfactant sources, it is yet very early to decide on their applicability. Therefore, this research focuses on natural-saponin extracted from different raw materials available in the Middle East and their interaction with quartz-sand. A special focus was given to the adsorption isotherm models to describe the interaction with the reservoir rocks.Three raw materials were investigated are fenugreek, sugar beet leaves and chickpeas. The main extraction method employed was the chemical extraction using the soxhelet. The study used Uv–vis spectrometer to investigate the micellization behaviour and the consequent adsorption on quartz-sand. The presence of triterpenoid saponin is found dominant in all the sample, the intensity and purity differed according to the raw material source. Tthe critical micelle concentration (CMC) was at a close range of 4–5.5 wt% in all the samples. The highest adsorption was obtained by sugar beet leaves which is 192 g/kg. It is 25% and 37% higher than the Fenugreek and chickpeas, respectively. Increasing the salinity resulted in adsorption reduction between 2% and 56%. For the adsorption isotherms, it showed good agreement with the Langmuir model fitting. The remarkable finding is that the sugar beet leaves heterogeneous model seems to be valid by Frendluich and Halsey isotherms

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NATURAL CHEMICAL FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY: FOCUS ON EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION AT QUARTZ SAND SURFACE

In chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR), it is very important to utilize the excessive usage of chemicals. A great opportunity lies in adopting natural surfactants, since it is cheaper, ecosystem friendly, and less toxic than their counterpart synthetic surfactants. Despite the availability of natural surfactant sources, it is yet very early to decide on their applicability. Therefore, this research focuses on natural-saponin extracted from different raw materials available in the Middle East and their interaction with quartz-sand. A special focus was given to the adsorption isotherm models to describe the interaction with the reservoir rocks

Bioprocess and medium optimization for glutamic acid production using submerged fermentation in shake flask and bioreactor

The current research was designed to enhance glutamic acid production by screening five different microbial strains (Microbacterium ammoniaphilum. Brevibacterium divaricatum nov. sp., Micrococcus glutamicus.nov. sp., Brevibacterium flavum nov. sp., Brevibacterium aminogenes nov. sp.) and followed by optimization process. All strains were able to produced glutamic acid but at specific production yield. Micrococcus glutamicus nov. was observed to be the most suitable for glutamic acid production. Five different carbon sources (glucose, mannitol, sucrose, maltose, maltodextrin) and five different nitrogen sources (ammonium chloride, urea, potassium nitrate, casein and sodium nitrate) were screened and optimized. Maltodexrin was determine for the most favorable carbon source for glutamic acid production with optimal concentration of 3g/L while ammonium chloride was determine for the most efficient nitrogen source for glutamic acid production with optimal concentration of 4g/L. The optimal temperature obtained was at 30°C for glutamic acid production (4.75 g/L). In bioreactor, 7.75 g/L of glutamic acid production was achieved with total acidity of 6.3 g/L and cell dry weight of 7 g/L

Development of cadmium sulfide quantum dots-polyamidoamine dendrimer thin films for detection of dengue virus E-protein antigens

In this work, cadmium sulfide quantum dots composited with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer (CdSQDs-PAMAM) thin film had been successfully developed for use in the detection of DENV E-proteins. The SPR results suggested that DENV E-protein can be detected in the range 0.0001 to 10 nM. The successful binding between antibodies and antigens in an immunoassay sensor was further confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, by observing the red shift of absorption edge

Factors associated with depression among older people in community dwelling: a narrative review

The increasing the aging population has been accompanied by an increasing number of older people who are suffering from depression as evidenced by the growing incidence and prevalence rate. Therefore, this review aims to identify the recent findings on the factor associated with depression among older people in community dwellings. The population of the study is among older people who are aged of 60 years old and above, living in the community dwelling by living alone or living with spouse, children, or others in their own house or children’s house. Several online databases such as Wiley Online Library, Springer Link, Science Direct and Pub Med were conducted using the IIUM library database. A total of 49 articles were reviewed. The review revealed that depression among older people had various factors such as sociodemographic, poor outcome in health status, cognitive level, social support, physical performance, sleep quality, low level of loneliness, and lack of spiritual support. Most of the studies found all these factors were significant to depression among older people in community dwellings. Knowing these factors hinders early diagnosis and getting early treatment to improve quality of life

An Optical Sensor for Dengue Envelope Proteins Using Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposite Thin Film: Enhanced Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Recovery Studies

This paper proposes a novel idea to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) optical sensor for detection of dengue virus type-2 envelope proteins (DENV-2 E-proteins) using polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer biopolymer-based nanocomposite thin film. For this purpose, two ranges of DENV-2 E-protein concentrations, i.e., 0.000008–0.0001 nM and 0.00008–0.005 nM were evaluated, and the lowest detectable concentration was achieved at 0.00008 nM. The incorporation of PAMAM dendrimer-based nanocomposite thin film with an SPR sensor exhibited a significant increase in sensitivity and binding affinity to a lower range DENV-2 E-protein concentrations. Moreover, the proposed sensor displayed good selectivity towards DENV-2 E-proteins and have an average recovery of 80–120%. The findings of this study demonstrated that PAMAM dendrimer-based nanocomposite thin film combined with SPR sensor is a promising diagnostic tool for sensitive and selective detection of DENV-2 E-proteins

Experimental evaluation on surface plasmon resonance sensor performance based on sensitive hyperbranched polymer nanocomposite thin films

The plethora of optical techniques have been developed to detect the dengue virus, regrettably, the existing techniques are cumbersome and have limitations to provide early identification of the low-level of dengue virus. For this purpose, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) optical sensor was designed with a highly sensitive thin film based on hyperbranched polymer nanocomposites for conjugation of antibodies that specifically detect the dengue virus type II (DENV). In particular, we investigate the SPR sensing performance for gold/cadmium sulfide quantum dots-polyamidoamine/antibody (Au/CdS QDs-PAMAM/IgM) sensor film in terms of linear sensitivity, binding affinity, detection accuracy, full-width-half-maximum, selectivity, and spike and recovery test. The results show a strong affinity value, good sensitivity and selectivity, high accuracy, and excellent recovery value, obeying the ideal value based on conventional assay analysis. Additionally, this Au/CdS QDs-PAMAM/IgM based SPR sensor was successfully applied for the lowest detection of 1 pM of DENV E-proteins. To this end, a highly sensitive Au/CdS QDs-PAMAM/IgM sensor film was characterized using Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis-NIR) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to confirm the binding of DENV