Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Amylose Derivatives in Aqueous Media

Six amylose derivative (C12CMA) samples with hydrophobic dodecyl ether groups and hydrophilic sodium carboxymethyl groups were synthesized from an enzymatically synthesized amylose for which the weight-average molar mass is 50 kg mol-1 to realize amylose-based amphiphilic polymer micelles. The degree of substitution of hydrophobic (DSC12) and hydrophilic (DSCM) groups ranges between 0.076 and 0.39 and between 0.35 and 1.83, respectively. Static and dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and fluorescence measurements with pyrene as a probe were carried out for the samples in 150 mM aqueous NaCl to characterize the higher-order structure in solution. The fluorescence from pyrene showed that all six samples have hydrophobic environment, while the hydrophobicity tends to increase with rising DSC12. All six samples have high scattering intensity owing to the relatively large concentrated droplets ranging in the hydrodynamic radius from 50 to 110 nm, whereas the weight fraction of such large particles is substantially small except for the highest DSC12 sample. Most polymer chains for relatively low DSC12 of 0.076 were molecularly dispersed with a very small amount of large droplets. The dispersed chain has a slightly smaller helix pitch per residue and a more rigid main chain than those for amylose in dimethyl sulfoxide, suggesting that the amylosic main chain of C12CMA has a helical structure with dodecyl groups at least locally. On the other hand, an anisotropic shaped micelle-like structure is only found for relatively high DSC12 (0.23 and 0.39) samples, which was detected by the SAXS profile at a high scattering vector range. The micelle structure for high DSC12 samples is consistent with the high chain stiffness.Kameyama Y., Kitamura S., Sato T., et al. Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Amylose Derivatives in Aqueous Media. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, 35(20), 6719-6726, April 30, 2019, Copyright © 2019, American Chemical Society https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00985

Experimental Evaluation of Mechanical Reliability of the Impeller Blade for Large Integrally Geared Compressors

Lectur

ウコッケイハイ ノ タイガイバイヨウ ニ オケル セイゾンリツ ト フカリツ ニ オヨボス ダイヨウランカク ノ エイキョウ ト ランカクチュウ ミネラルドウタイ

本実験では,白色レグホン卵殻を代用卵殻として,ウコッケイ胚の体外培養を行い,その生存率におよぼす影響を検討するとともに,ウコッケイと白色レグホン有精卵の通常孵卵中におけるday 0およびday 21の骨形成に係る卵殻中ミネラル含有量を検証した。体外培養は,孵卵器内にて3日間通常孵卵したウコッケイ胚を白色レグホン卵殻に移し培養を行った。また,通常孵卵のday 0とday 21の卵殻は高周波プラズマ発光分析装置にて,Ca, P, Mgの含有量を分析した。体外培養の結果,白色レグホン卵殻を用いることによって,ウコッケイ胚を孵化させることに成功したが,その孵化率は低値を示し,生存率の推移から卵殻からのCa供給不足が推察された。一方,有精卵の卵殻含有量分析からday 0からday 21までのCa減少率がウコッケイでは白色レグホンの約1.8倍を示し,品種によりCaの供給量が異なっていることが示唆された。しかし,その他のミネラル分においては,大差が認められなかった。本実験の結果から,白色レグホン卵殻を用いてウコッケイ胚を培養した場合に生じる孵化率の低下は,主に卵殻から胚へ供給されるCaに起因していることが推察された。しかし,孵化した胚は,正常に成長し繁殖能力を得た。Using White Leghorn eggshell as a surrogate, silkie fowl embryos were cultured in vitro, and its influence on their viability was investigated. In addition, the mineral content of eggshell, which is involved in bone formation, was measured in normal silkie fowl and White Leghorn fertilized eggs on days 0 and 21 of incubation. In in vitro culture, silkie fowl embryos cultured in an incubator by the conventional method for 3 days were transferred into White Leghorn eggshell. The Ca, P, and Mg contents of eggshell of the normal eggs were measured by high-frequency plasma emission spectrochemical analysis on days 0 and 21 of incubation. Using White Leghorn eggshell in in vitro culture, some silkie fowl embryos hatched, but the hatchability was low, and changes in the viability suggested a lack of Ca supply from the eggshell. The content analysis of fertilized eggshell revealed that the Ca reduction rate from day 0 to day 21 was about 1.8 times higher in silkie fowl than in White Leghorn, suggesting a difference in Ca supply between the breeds. However, no major differences were noted in any other mineral content. These findings suggested that the reduction of hatchability in in vitro culture of silkie fowl embryos using White Leghorn eggshell was due to Ca mainly supplied from the eggshell. However, the growth of hatched embryos was normal, and they acquired reproductive ability

ホッカイドウオホーツクカイイキ ニ セイソクスル ギョカイルイ ニオケル ジュウキンゾクチクセキリョウ ノ ケンショウ

北海道のオホーツク海域に生息する魚介類における重金属の蓄積量について,重金属の主たる蓄積臓器である肝臓と可食部について分析を行い,オホーツク海における魚介類の重金属汚染状況を検証した。調査の対象は,オホーツク海域で採取した魚類を中心とした魚介類で,ヒ素(As),カドミウム(Cd),スズ(Sn),水銀(Hg)および鉛(Pb)について高周波発光分析法によって分析を行った。分析の結果,シロサケにおける鉛を除くすべての元素で可食部より肝臓に多く蓄積されていた。可食部においては,水銀における暫定的規制値0.4ppmを超えたものは無く,他の元素においてもこれまでの海洋生物の報告と同等もしくは低い値を示した。また,肝臓における蓄積量もこれまでの報告に比べて明らかに低い値を示し,重金属による汚染は見られなかった。しかし,調査対象魚種のうち,比較的食物連鎖の上位であるギスカジカでは他の魚種よりも全般的に高い蓄積が認められ,オホーツク海域においても生物濃縮の進行が示唆された。これらの結果から,オホーツク海域の魚介類の重金属が人体へ与える影響は極めて低いことが示された。The heavy metal contents of fish liver which is accumulation organ and muscle which is the edible part of the fishery products from the Okhotsk sea area of Hokkaido were analyzed for the elements, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) by ICP method to evaluate heavy metal contamination of the fishery products in this area. Comparatively high contents of all elements were found in the livers compared with those of the edible parts except for lead of Oncorhynchus keta. The mercury contents of the edible parts of all species were found to be lower than the temporary regulation value (0.4ppm), and those of all other elements were also found to be similar or lower than the values reported for the fishery products in other sea area, although slightly high contents were detected in Myoxocephalus stelleri being at the high position of ecological chain. All of these findings suggested that heavy metal pollution is not progressing in the fishery products in the Okhotsk sea area

ダイヨウランカクカンキョウ ガ バイヨウニワトリハイ ノ ハッセイ ニ オヨボス エイキョウ

ウズラ胚体外培養法を応用し,卵殻を使わず人工容器でのニワトリ胚の発生能について検証した。ニワトリ胚は,白色レグホンを用い,孵卵器内で3日間培養した後,卵の内容物を100mlカップ内に空気透過性のあるテフロン膜を卵型に装着した人工容器に移し,ラップで封をした。再び孵卵器内で孵化までの18日間培養した。人工容器は空気の流通を完全に遮断したもの(Type 1),空気の流通を自由に行わせたもの(Type 2),さらに空気の流通量をある程度人工的に調節可能としたもの (Type 3) の以上3タイプを用いた。また,人工容器に移す際には卵殻粉末あるいは乳酸カルシウムを添加した。人工容器を用い培養した結果,孵化させるまでは至らなかったが,卵殻粉末の添加により孵化直前の20日目まで培養することに成功した。最も好成績であったもので培養16日目に76.0%,18日目に52.0%,20日目に12.0%の生存率が得られた。一方,対照として行った,二黄卵卵殻を代用卵殻に用いた場合は60%が孵化したが,人工容器を用いた場合と同様に培養初期(孵卵6日目)と後期(孵卵16日目)に生存率の低下が認められることから,この2つの時期がニワトリ胚の体外培養において重要な時期であると推察された。The developmental ability of chicken embryos in an artificial vessel without eggshell was investigated using the in vitro quail embryo culture method. After White Leghorn eggs were incubated in an incubator for 3 days, the egg content was transferred into an artificial vessel consisting of a 100-ml cup attached with an egg-shaped air-permeable Teflon membrane and sealed with wrap, followed by incubation in an incubator for 18 days until hatching. Three types of artificial vessels were used : Type 1 with complete blockage of air flow, Type 2 with air flow, and Type 3 with controllable air flow. Eggshell powder or calcium lactate was added when the egg content was transferred to a vessel. Although no hatching was obtained, the eggshell powder addition allowed the culture by day 20, immediately before hatching. In the group with the best outcomes, the viabilities on days 16, 18, and 20 of culture were 76.0%, 52.0%, and 12.0%, respectively. In contrast, in the control group using eggshell containing 2 yolks as surrogate eggshell, 60% of the eggs hatched, but the viability decreased at early (day 6) and late (day 16) time points, similar to the eggs cultured in the artificial vessel. These findings suggested that these 2 time points are important for in vitro culture of chicken embryos

ウコッケイハイ ノ タイガイバイヨウ ニ オケル セイゾンリツ ト フカリツ ニ オヨボス ダイヨウランカク ノ エイキョウ ト ランカクチュウ ミネラルドウタイ

本実験では,白色レグホン卵殻を代用卵殻として,ウコッケイ胚の体外培養を行い,その生存率におよぼす影響を検討するとともに,ウコッケイと白色レグホン有精卵の通常孵卵中におけるday 0およびday 21の骨形成に係る卵殻中ミネラル含有量を検証した。体外培養は,孵卵器内にて3日間通常孵卵したウコッケイ胚を白色レグホン卵殻に移し培養を行った。また,通常孵卵のday 0とday 21の卵殻は高周波プラズマ発光分析装置にて,Ca, P, Mgの含有量を分析した。体外培養の結果,白色レグホン卵殻を用いることによって,ウコッケイ胚を孵化させることに成功したが,その孵化率は低値を示し,生存率の推移から卵殻からのCa供給不足が推察された。一方,有精卵の卵殻含有量分析からday 0からday 21までのCa減少率がウコッケイでは白色レグホンの約1.8倍を示し,品種によりCaの供給量が異なっていることが示唆された。しかし,その他のミネラル分においては,大差が認められなかった。本実験の結果から,白色レグホン卵殻を用いてウコッケイ胚を培養した場合に生じる孵化率の低下は,主に卵殻から胚へ供給されるCaに起因していることが推察された。しかし,孵化した胚は,正常に成長し繁殖能力を得た。Using White Leghorn eggshell as a surrogate, silkie fowl embryos were cultured in vitro, and its influence on their viability was investigated. In addition, the mineral content of eggshell, which is involved in bone formation, was measured in normal silkie fowl and White Leghorn fertilized eggs on days 0 and 21 of incubation. In in vitro culture, silkie fowl embryos cultured in an incubator by the conventional method for 3 days were transferred into White Leghorn eggshell. The Ca, P, and Mg contents of eggshell of the normal eggs were measured by high-frequency plasma emission spectrochemical analysis on days 0 and 21 of incubation. Using White Leghorn eggshell in in vitro culture, some silkie fowl embryos hatched, but the hatchability was low, and changes in the viability suggested a lack of Ca supply from the eggshell. The content analysis of fertilized eggshell revealed that the Ca reduction rate from day 0 to day 21 was about 1.8 times higher in silkie fowl than in White Leghorn, suggesting a difference in Ca supply between the breeds. However, no major differences were noted in any other mineral content. These findings suggested that the reduction of hatchability in in vitro culture of silkie fowl embryos using White Leghorn eggshell was due to Ca mainly supplied from the eggshell. However, the growth of hatched embryos was normal, and they acquired reproductive ability