84 research outputs found
Conception et optimisation dâun synthĂ©tiseur de frĂ©quence pour les communications mobiles sur GSM
Cet article dĂ©crit la simulation et la conception d'un synthĂ©tiseur de frĂ©quence destinĂ© pour les applications des communications mobiles sur GSM. Dans ce travail, nous discutons les effets du bruit de phase dans chaque composant dans le circuit et les raies de rĂ©fĂ©rence sur les performances du systĂšme. Une Ă©valuation prĂ©cise du filtre de boucle est nĂ©cessaire afin dâoptimiser les performances du circuit en trouvant un compromis entre le temps du changement de la frĂ©quence (PLL lockup time) et les raies de rĂ©fĂ©rence.Mots-clĂ©s : PLL, GSM, synthĂ©tiseur de frĂ©quence, bruit de phase
Extraction of humic acid by coacervate: Investigation of direct and back processes
The two aqueous phases extraction process is widely used in environmental clean up of industrial effluents and fine chemical products for their reuse. This process can be made by cloud point of polyethoxylated alcohols and micellar solubilization phenomenon. It is commonly called âcoacervate extractionâ and is used, in our case, for humic acid extraction from aqueous solution at 100 mg/L. The surfactants used are alcohol polyethoxylate and alkylphenol polyethoxylate. Phase diagrams of binary water/surfactant and pseudo-binary are plotted. The extraction results are expressed by the following responses: percentage of solute extracted, E (%), residual concentrations of solute and surfactant in dilute phase (Xs,w, and Xt,w respectively) and volume fraction of coacervate at equilibrium (Ï). For each parameter, the experimental results are fitted to empirical equations in three dimensions. The aim of this study is to find out the best compromise between E and ÏC. The comparison between experimental and calculated values allows models validation. Sodium sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) addition and pH effect are also studied. Finally, the possibility of recycling the surfactant has been proved
Effet de soulĂšvement des fondations sur le comportement sismique des murs de refends
Interaction sol structure et les codes de conception -- Ătudes antĂ©rieures sur le soulĂšvement de fondations superficielles -- Ăvolutions des spĂ©cifications sismiques au Canada dans le CNB -- Comportement dynamique des murs en blocs rigides -- Bloc rigide avec fondation rigide -- Bloc rigide avec fondation Ă©lastique -- Murs de refend modĂ©lisĂ©s par des structures flexibles -- Fondation Ă©lastique Ă deux ressorts-amortisseurs -- ModĂšle de fondation Winkler -- RĂ©ponse sismique des murs avec Ruaumoko -- Amortissement de Rayleigh -- Comparaison des rĂ©ponses de Ruaumoko et de Matlab -- Comparaison entre le modĂšle Ă deux ressorts et le modĂšle Winkler dans Ruaumoko -- Dimensionnement des murs de refend -- Dimensionnement des semelles de fondations -- PropriĂ©tĂ©s dynamiques de sol de fondation -- SĂ©lection des sĂ©ismes pour l'Est et l'Ouest du Canada -- Ătude paramĂ©trique et effets sur la rĂ©ponse sismique
Simulating and Designing RF Transmitter for Small Satellites
This paper discusses the simulation and the design of an RF transmitter for small satellites operating in the commercial S- band (2.2 - 2.29 GHz) with a data rate of 8Mbps. In such systems, modelling frequency-dependent nonlinear characteristics of complex analog blocks and subsystems is critical for enabling efficient verification of mixed-signal system designs. In order to provide efficient and accurate simulation for the transmitter circuits, simple macromodels for weakly nonlinear mixer and power amplifier are used in the system simulation. Also, we introduce the noise in several circuits (frequency synthesizer, crystal oscillator, power amplifier, mixer,âŠ) and we demonstrate their effect on the noise performance system. In the simulation we consider features of components and technologies commercially available
SαS noise suppression for OFDM wireless communication in rayleight channel
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of multi-carrier transmission technique widely used in the modern wireless network to achieve high-speed data transmission with good spectral efficiency. However, in impulsive noise environement BER performances of these systems, originally designed for a Gaussian noise model, are much degraded. In this paper, a new symmetric-alpha-stable (SαS) noise suppression technique based conjointly on adaptive modulation, convolutional coding (AMC) and Recursive Least Square (RLS) filtering is presented. The proposed scheme is applied on OFDM system in Rayleigh fading channel. The transmissions are analyzed under different combinations of digital modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM) and convolutional code rates (1/2, 2/3, 3/4). Simulation results show that our proposed hybrid technique provides effective impulsive noise cancelation in OFDM system and exhibits better BER performance
A Novel Algorithm to Estimate Closely Spaced Source DOA
In order to improve resolution and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of two closely spaced sources, in context of array processing, a new algorithm is presented. However, the proposed algorithm combines both spatial sampling technic to widen the resolution and a high resolution method which is the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) to estimate the DOA of two closely spaced sources impinging on the far-field of Uniform Linear Array (ULA). Simulations examples are discussed to demonstrate the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed approach (referred as Spatial sampling MUSIC SS-MUSIC) compared to the classical MUSIC method when itâs used alone in this context
Les aqueducs Ă souterazi de la RĂ©gence dâAlger
Au dĂ©but de la RĂ©gence, la communautĂ© urbaine est organisĂ©e autour de la pĂ©rennitĂ© de quelques sources intramuros. Cependant, les nouveaux souverains ottomans souhaitent vivement mettre en place un vĂ©ritable systĂšme hydraulique pour satisfaire les besoins en eau dâune ville en plein dĂ©veloppement. Des aqueducs sont conçus pour conduire lâeau Ă la citĂ©Â ; leur ingĂ©niositĂ© est fonction de la topographie ainsi que de la façon dont les eaux du Sahel algĂ©rois se prĂ©sentent. Ces rĂ©alisations comportent des ouvrages de franchissement des ravins, mais aussi des souterazi ou tours-siphons renversĂ©s jouant le rĂŽle de brises charge dont lâoriginalitĂ© technique trouve sa place dans lâhistoire des sciences hydrauliques. Les aqueducs dâAlger ne sont donc pas seulement le siĂšge dâun Ă©coulement gravitaire Ă la romaine, car ils comportent des ouvrages dont le fonctionnement est plus proche dâun Ă©coulement sous pression et contrĂŽlĂ©, en somme mĂ©canique. Cette technique adaptĂ©e aux terrains vallonnĂ©s prend son origine Ă Constantinople et trouve application Ă Alger. Elle prouve que la circulation des savoir-faire transmis via lâEmpire ottoman est plus importante que lâon pouvait le supposer Ă priori.At the beginning of the Regency, the urban community is organized around the sustainability of some intramural sources. However, the new Ottoman rulers are keen to establish a true hydraulic system to satisfy the water needs of a growing city. Aqueducts are designed to provide the city with water, their ingenuity is a function of topography and how the waters of the Algerian Sahel arise. These achievements include ravines crossings, but also souterazi traps or towers toppled playing the role of breezes whose technical originality finds its place in the history of hydraulic sciences. The aqueducts of Algiers are not only the seat of a gravity flow to the Roman, because they involve works whose function is closer to a flow, which happens under pressure and mechanical control. This technique suited to hilly lands has its origin in Constantinople and finds application in Algiers. It proves that the flow of the knowledge forwarded through the Ottoman Empire is more important than one might expect a priori
Ma dĂ©couverte du systĂšme des eaux qui alimente le complexe palatio-dĂ©fensif de la Citadelle dâAlger : un aqueduc Ă souterazi de prĂšs de huit mĂštres de hautAuteure : Dalila KAMECHE-OUZIDANEDocteure en Histoire des Techniques du Conservatoire National des Arts et MĂ©tiers de ParisMaĂźtre de confĂ©rences EPAU : PrĂ©sentation dâune ingĂ©nierie de lâeau qui prend sa source Ă Byzance et qui sâĂ©rige en art hydraulique sous lâEmpire ottoman.
Auteure : Dalila KAMECHE-OUZIDANE, Docteure en Histoire des Techniques du Conservatoire National des Arts et MĂ©tiers de Paris, MaĂźtre de confĂ©rences EPAUDurant le siĂšcle qui suit son installation, la RĂ©gence ottomane dâAlger (1516-1832) construit quatre longs aqueducs pour alimenter en eau la mĂ©dina. Artisans du pays et esclaves chrĂ©tiens travaillent Ă mettre en Ćuvre une technologie originale, mĂ©connue, le souterazi. Cette technique hydraulique est dĂ©crite pour la premiĂšre fois par lâingĂ©nieur et hydrographe français AndrĂ©ossy (AndrĂ©ossy, 1818 : 385-478), sorte de tour dâĂ©vent Ă©rigĂ©e pour franchir de fortes dĂ©clivitĂ©s et dont le cout de construction est cinq fois moindre que celui dâun pont-aqueduc. Cette ingĂ©nierie de lâeau puise ses racines dans lâEmpire romain dâOrient, mais câest lâEmpire ottoman qui la hissera au rang dâart hydraulique : Istanbul, Alep (Mazloum, 1937), Saint-Jean dâAcre, dâabord ; Puerto Real, Talavera prĂšs de Cadix, Tamesloht (Mohamed El-FaĂŻz, 2005 : 168-169), plus tardivement. Pour alimenter en eau le complexe palatio-dĂ©fensif de la Citadelle, une sĂ©rie de souterazi sont Ă©rigĂ©s. Cette eau en conduite forcĂ©e alimente dans un premier temps le kiosque-fontaine de la Citadelle et son rĂ©servoir. En effet, le Fort lâEmpereur sous lequel chemine lâaqueduc, est juchĂ© sur un promontoire Ă 220 m dâaltitude tandis que la Citadelle se positionne a prĂšs est de 125 m par rapport au niveau de la mer. Lâeau est ensuite distribuĂ©e en conduite libre Ă tout un ensemble trĂšs stratifiĂ© qui accueille le Palais du Dey, la mosquĂ©e du Dey, le palais des Beys, le hammam de lâAgha, le Quartier des Janissaires, la MosquĂ©e des Janissaires, la poudriĂšre, le Jardin dâĂtĂ©, un parc Ă autruches⊠Lâart de construire des aqueducs Ă souterazi interpelle la question de la circulation des savoirs et les probables acteurs de cette transmission, les esclaves publics. Pour Alger, ces ouvrages qui nâont intĂ©ressĂ© ni les archĂ©ologues et encore moins les hydrauliciens du XIXe siĂšcle, seront trĂšs tĂŽt dĂ©molis
Cationic Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Ionic Liquid and Nonionic Surfactant-Ionic Liquid Systems: A Comparative Study Based upon Experimental Design
In order to separate methylene blue from aqueous solution, a novel method based upon liquid-liquid extraction, using a nonionic surfactant-ionic liquid system as extracting phase, was investigated. A comparative study was carried out with the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, known as [C4mim]PF6. By using the nonionic surfactant-ionic liquid system, the extraction efficiency could reach 97.8%, indicating that the addition of nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114) significantly improves the extraction of methylene blue. Under optimal conditions, the dye concentration in the effluent showed an almost 50-fold reduction. However, the extraction extent of methylene blue was found to be low at low pH values, and in the presence of K2CO3, which may be useful for surfactant-ionic liquid system regeneration
Cloud Point Extraction of α-Amino Acids
Cloud point extraction with a polyethoxylated alcohol (Oxo-C10E4) is used to separate five α-amino acids: alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine (0.75 wt.% in water), and their extraction efficiencies are compared. The variables affecting phase separation and extraction (wt.% surfactant and equilibrium temperature) are optimized using experimental design. The four responses are: percentage of solute extracted (E), residual concentrations of solute (amino acid) and surfactant in the dilute phase, and volume fraction of coacervate at equilibrium. E increases with surfactant concentration and amino acid hydrophobicity in the following order: alanin < valin < leucin < isoleucine < phenylalanine, with respective maximum values: 73, 74, 76, 78.5, and 95%, and decreases with a temperature rise. It also makes sense that aspartic and glutamic acids, much more hydrophilic, are poorly extracted (E Ë 10%). The trend observed is consistent with water/n-octanol partition coefficient (Log P) of amino acids in pure water. A more detailed study is presented for alanine and phenylalanine. Addition of sodium sulphate or cetylammonium bromide greatly raises extraction rates
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