SIGNAL STRENGTH AND ENERGY AWARE RELIABLE ROUTE DISCOVERY IN MANET

Frequent changes in network topology and confined battery capacity of the mobile devices are the main challenges for routing in ad-hoc networks. In this paper, we propose a novel, Signal strength and Energy Aware routing protocol (SEA-DSR), which directly incorporates signal strength and residual battery capacity of nodes into route selection through cross layer approach. This model defines a metric called Reliability Factor for route selection among the feasible routes. It is simulated using ns2, under different mobility conditions. The simulation results shows better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, control overhead and average end-end delay. The proposed model has extended the time to network partition and reduce the path breakages when compared with similar routing protocols DSR and SSA

Solar energy based impedance-source inverter for grid system

In this work, the fickleness of solar energy can be overcome by using Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm (MPPT). Perturb and Observation (P&O) MPPT algorithm accomplish fast the maximum power point for rapid change of environmental conditions such as irradiance intensity and temperature. The MPPT algorithm applied to solar PV system keep the boost converter output constant. Output from boost converter is taken to three phase impedance-source inverter with RL load and grid system. Impedance-source inverter performs the transformation of variable DC output of the solar PV system in to near sinusoidal AC output. This near sinusoidal AC output consecutively is served to the RL load first and then to grid system. The simulation is carried out in matlab/simulink platform both for RL load and grid system and the simulation results are experimentally validated for RL load arrangement only

STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF ACHYRANTHES ASPERA L. ON ALLOXAN INDUCED WISTAR RATS

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of anti-diabetic activity of Achyranthes aspera on alloxan induced wistar rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced by administration of alloxan mono hydrate (150 mg/kg body weight i. p) to albino wistar rats. Diabetic rats were stabilized for four days and from fifth-day aqueous extract of A. aspera were administered at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for 45 days. Metformin 1 mg/kg was used as a standard. The effects of A. aspera and standard drug on following parameters was recorded-fasting blood glucose, glycogen, plasma insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin and protein were analyzed in blood samples. Glucose-6-phosphatase, Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, tissue protein, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxide were estimated in liver tissues.Results: Our results collectively suggested that administration of aqueous extracts of A. aspera considerably lower the blood glucose level which was comparable to standard anti-diabetic drug metformin (1 mg). Also, the extract shows that considerable increase (p˂0.05) in glucokinase activity when compared to untreated diabetic rats. Lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) level were also studied and the A. aspera aqueous extract and metformin-treated groups shows that the significant (p˂0.05) reduction in lipid peroxide and marked elevation in reduced glutathione levels.Conclusion: Aqueous extract of A. aspera possess anti-diabetic action in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Effect of Diet, Insulin and Exercise on the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Health and Type 1 Diabetes

The objective of this thesis was to further the understanding of the effect of diet, insulin and exercise on the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in health and type 1 diabetes. Three studies were undertaken in both non-diabetic healthy volunteers and patients with type 1 diabetes. The first study determined the influence of high fat diet on biochemical and molecular regulators of whole body and muscle metabolism in healthy volunteers. The second study examined the influence of insulin on whole body and muscle metabolism in patients with type 1 diabetes during moderate exercise. The final study compared the influence of insulin and a high carbohydrate diet on liver glycogen concentrations and substrate oxidation during exercise between patients with type 1 diabetes and healthy volunteers. The main results were, a) 6 days of high fat/low carbohydrate dietary intake did not induce whole-body insulin resistance but caused a shift in intramuscular glucose metabolism from oxidation to glycogen storage when compared to a normal balanced diet. Insulin-stimulated carbohydrate oxidation and muscle PDCa activity were blunted after the high fat diet and this was associated with an up regulation of muscle PDK4 mRNA and protein expression, b) Exercise under hyperinsulinaemic conditions in patients with type 1 diabetes did not spare muscle glycogen utilisation at a time of high exogenous glucose utilization and oxidation, and finally c) Changes in liver glycogen concentration and substrate oxidation during exercise occurred at comparable rates in patients with type 1 diabetes and in healthy controls despite the presence of relative hyperinsulinaemia in the former compared to the latter group. The key conclusions are, 1) in healthy humans short-term high fat feeding does not induce whole body insulin resistance but impairs basal and insulin-stimulated carbohydrate oxidation, most likely as a result of fat-induced upregulation of muscle PDK4 protein expression. The precise signaling mechanisms involved in the chronic regulation of PDK4 need to be determined. 2) Contrary to previous observation in non-diabetic individuals, it appears that hyperinsulinaemic conditions in patients with type 1 diabetes do not suppress the exercise-induced changes in muscle and liver glycogen stores. The underlying physiological mechanism(s) behind this apparently divergent response remains to be elucidated

Velocity based defrost of evaporator coil of heat pumps

Minimization of frost formation on the outdoor coils of residential heat pumps and subsequent defrost cycles to remove the frost in an energy efficient manner remains an active area of research and development in the HVAC industry. Inverting the cycle to reject heat from the outdoor coils is the most common method to run defrost cycles of the residential heat pumps. However, these defrost cycles are energy intensive. This research proposes a novel method that can substantially reduce the energy consumed in such defrost cycles. The method involves controlled use of reverse air flow on the outdoor coil surface during the defrost cycle, resulting in fewer defrost cycles needed for a given duration of heat pump operation. The method further provides better cleaning of the coil surface by improving the draining of the melted frost. It also allows part of the frost to be removed without the need to melt it. In this research, the proposed methods are evaluated experimentally by simulating the frost formation, and defrost cycle in a controlled environment. Defrost cycles were run with two of the most popular control strategies that are in use, time-based defrost and control-based defrost. Experimental results demonstrate that with the use of the proposed method, energy savings of 56% and 31% are possible for the above- and below-freezing environments respectively, as compared to a baseline that represents the ASHRAE recommended operating conditions

High-level FPGA accelerator design for structured-mesh-based numerical solvers

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have become highly attractive as accelerators due to their low power consumption and re-programmability. However, a key limitation is the time and know-how required to program them. Even with high-level synthesis tools, they still require significant hand-tuned/low-level customizations and design space exploration to gain good performance. The need to program FPGAs using the dataflow programming model, much less well known and practised by the high-performance computing (HPC) community, is a major barrier for adoption for HPC. The underlying motivation of this work is to bridge this gap - attaining near-optimal performance vs the ease of programming. To this end, we target the important class of applications based on structured meshes, focusing on numerical algorithms based on explicit and implicit techniques. We leverage the main characteristics of the application class, its computation-communication pattern and the hardware features. For explicit schemes, characterized by stencil computations, we unify the state-of-the-art techniques such as vectorization and unrolling with a number of new high-gain optimizations such as creating perfect data reuse data-paths, batching and tiling. A key new feature is their applicability to multiple stencil loops enabling the development of real-world workloads. For implicit schemes, we re-evaluate the characteristics of the tridiagonal system solver algorithms for FPGAs and develop a new high throughput batched multi-dimensional tridiagonal system solver library with orders of magnitude better performance than the state-of-the-art. New analytic models are developed to support the solvers, elucidating and modelling the critical path of execution and parameterizing the design. This together with the optimal designs and new library lead to a unified design work-flow for synthesis on FPGAs. The new workflow is used to implement a range of applications, from simple single stencil designs, multiple stencil loops to solvers with real-world utility. They are synthesized on the currently dominant Xilinx and Intel FPGAs. Benchmarking indicate the FPGAs matching or outperforming the best GPU implementations, the current best traditional architecture device solution. Over 30% energy saving can also be observed. The performance model demonstrates over 85% accuracy. The thesis discusses the determinants for these applications to be amenable for FPGA implementation, providing insights into the feasibility and profitability of a design. Finally we propose initial steps in automating the workflow to be used through a DSL

Shigella apyrase – a novel variant of bacterial acid phosphatases?

AbstractA virulence-associated ATP diphosphohydrolase activity in the periplasm of Shigella, identified as apyrase, was found to be markedly similar to bacterial non-specific acid phosphatases in primary structure. When the Shigella apyrase sequence was threaded in to the recently published 3D structure of the highly similar (73%) Escherichia blattae acid phosphatase it was found to have a highly overlapping 3D structure. Our analysis, which included assays for phosphatase, haloperoxidase and catalase activities, led us to hypothesize that Shigella apyrase might belong to a new class of pyrophosphatase originating as one more variant in the family of bacterial non-specific acid phosphatases. It revealed interesting structure–function relationships and probable roles relevant to pathogenesis

Enhancement of Drugs Bioavailability by Floating Drug Delivery System – A Review

Gastric emptying is a complex process and one of the most important obstacles in the better absorption and enhances bioavailability of oral drug delivery system. In recent years various scientific and technological advancements have been made in the research and development of oral drug delivery systems to overcoming physiological adversities, such as short gastric residence times (GRT) and unpredictable gastric emptying time (GET). In order to avoid such adversities, efforts have been made to increase the retention time of the drug-delivery systems for more than 12 hour via floating drug delivery system. Floating delivery systems or hydro dynamically controlled systems are low density systems that have sufficient buoyancy to float over the gastric content and remain buoyant in the stomach. The recent development of these systems includes their physiological and formulation variables affecting the gastric retention and to design the single and multiple-unit floating systems and their formulation, evaluation aspects are covered in detail. This article aims at reviewing the numerous techniques that has been designed till date for optimizing floating drug delivery system (FDDS), and also summarize the evaluation of FDDS of tablet dosage forms

IN-VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF BAUHINIA VARIEGATA LINN

Objective: The objective of present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegate root. Methods: In the present study BVEE at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was studied for anti-inflammatory activities in different animal models.. Anti- inflammatory activity was carried out by using carrageenan induced paw edema model and cotton pellet induced granuloma model in wistar rats. Results: The results shows that BVEE possess anti-inflammatory activity in acute as well as sub acute models of inflammation in rats. BVEE (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed significant (p <0.01) anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the paw edema volume in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats in the late phase (2to4h)regulated by prostaglandins and leucotrienes and in cotton pellet induced granuloma model BVEE decreased dry weight of granuloma. Conclusion: The observed pharmacological activity may be due to presence of phytochemical compounds present in the extract like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and tannins