The effects of suxamethonium and pancuronium on the haemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation

The pharmacological effects of suxamethonium and pancuronium on the cardiovascular system may vary and therefore alter the haemodynamic response to intubation. The arterial blood pressure, the heart rate and the rate pressure product were measured as parameters of haemodynamic change in forty adult ASA. I and II patients undergoing laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in a randomised controlled study. The patients were induced with either thiopentone/suxamethonium (Group A) or thiopentone/pancuronium (Group B). There was no significant difference between the groups on comparison of systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes. Pancuronium, however, caused a significantly higher rise in the heart rate after endotracheal intubation compared to suxamethonium. In both groups the maximum rate pressure product occurred one minute after intubation, rising by 56% in the suxamethonium group and 64% in the pancuronium group compared to control values. In conclusion, there were significant and statistically similar increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and rate pressure product following intubation in both groups with values significantly above baseline until three minutes post intubation but the increase in heart rate in group A was significantly less than that in group B

Favre- and Reynolds-averaged velocity measurements: Interpreting PIV and LDA measurements in combustion

Previous studies using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) have raised the question of how these measurements should be compared. This study reports on the difference between Favre-averaged and Reynolds-averaged velocity statistics for a turbulent burner using PIV and LDA for unconditional and conditional velocity measurements. The experimental characterization of flow fields of premixed and stratified methane/air flames is carried out under globally turbulent lean conditions (global equivalence ratio at 0.75), over a range of stratifications and swirl numbers. Unconditioned velocity data was acquired using aluminium oxide to seed the flow field. Conditioned measurements were performed using vegetable oil aerosol as seed, which burns through the flame front, thus allowing only the non-reacting flow velocities to be obtained. A critical comparison of unconditioned velocity profiles measured using both PIV and LDA, including axial, radial, and tangential components is made against conditioned and reconstructed mean velocities at different cross-sections of the flame. The comparison reveals how the differences between the Favre-averaged (unconditioned) and the Reynolds-averaged (conditioned) velocity measurements in the flame brush region can be accounted for using the mean progress of reaction, and highlights the limits of the accuracy and agreement between PIV and LDA measurements.The authors would like to thank the University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Pakistan) and the University of Cambridge for their financial contributions to this workThis is the author accepted manuscript. The advanced access article on the publisher's website can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1540748914002193# © 2014 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Nonfactorization in Hadronic Two-body Cabibbo-favored decays of D^0 and D^+

With the inclusion of nonfactorized amplitudes in a scheme with $N_c=3$, we have studied Cabibbo-favored decays of $D^0$ and $D^+$ into two-body hadronic states involving two isospins in the final state. We have shown that it is possible to understand the measured branching ratios and determined the sizes and signs of nonfactorized amplitudes required.Comment: 15 pages, Late

Gait analysis in a <i>Mecp2</i> knockout mouse model of Rett syndrome reveals early-onset and progressive motor deficits

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a genetic disorder characterized by a range of features including cognitive impairment, gait abnormalities and a reduction in purposeful hand skills. Mice harbouring knockout mutations in the &lt;i&gt;Mecp2&lt;/i&gt; gene display many RTT-like characteristics and are central to efforts to find novel therapies for the disorder. As hand stereotypies and gait abnormalities constitute major diagnostic criteria in RTT, it is clear that motor and gait-related phenotypes will be of importance in assessing preclinical therapeutic outcomes. We therefore aimed to assess gait properties over the prodromal phase in a functional knockout mouse model of RTT. In male &lt;i&gt;Mecp2&lt;/i&gt; knockout mice, we observed alterations in stride, coordination and balance parameters at 4 weeks of age, before the onset of other overt phenotypic changes as revealed by observational scoring. These data suggest that gait measures may be used as a robust and early marker of &lt;i&gt;Mecp2&lt;/i&gt;-dysfunction in future preclinical therapeutic studies

Effect of ketorolac on postoperative pain relief in dental extraction cases--a comparative study with pethidine

Objective: To compare the analgesic efficacy and side effects of ketorolac with pethidine in a day care procedure.STUDY Design: Single dose, double blind, case matched study.Methods: Sixty patients were divided into group A and group B, who received either ketorolac 30 mg or Pethidine 0.8 mg/kg ( both IN ) respectively at the time of induction of general anaesthesia. Patients were assessed in recovery room for pain according to visual analogue scale and any side effects. Amount of rescue analgesia required by both groups were also recorded. Odds Ratio and and Chi Square test were used for statistical analysis.Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between these two drugs at any time interval, however a significantly decreased incidence of nausea and drowsiness was found in ketorolac group.CONCLUSION: Ketorolac 30 mg intravenously provides similar analgesic effects as Pethidine with much less incidence of nausea and drowsiness

Inelastic Final-State Interactions and Two-body Hadronic B decays into Single-Isospin channels

The role of inelastic final-state interactions in CP asymmetries and branching ratios is investigated in certain chosen single isospin two-body hadronic B decays. Treating final-state interactions through Pomeron and Regge exchanges, we demonstrate that inelastic final state interactions could lead to sizeable effects on the CP asymmetry.Comment: 23 pages, Latex, 1 eps-figur

Conotoxins: structure, therapeutic potential and pharmacological applications.

Cone snails, also known as marine gastropods, from Conus genus produce in their venom a diverse range of small pharmacologically active structured peptides called conotoxins. The cone snail venoms are widely unexplored arsenal of toxins with therapeutic and pharmacological potential, making them a treasure trove of ligands and peptidic drug leads. Conotoxins are small disulfide bonded peptides, which act as remarkable selective inhibitors and modulators of ion channels (calcium, sodium, potassium), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, noradrenaline transporters, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and neurotensin receptors. They are highly potent and specific against several neuronal targets making them valuable as research tools, drug leads and even therapeutics. In this review, we discuss their gene superfamily classification, nomenclature, post-translational modification, structural framework, pharmacology and medical applications of the active conopeptides. We aim to give an overview of their structure and therapeutic potential. Understanding these aspects of conopeptides will help in designing more specific peptidic analogues

Integrasi Kromosom Buatan Dinamis untuk Memecahkan Masalah Konvergensi Prematur pada Algoritma Genetika untuk Traveling Salesman Problem

Genetic Algorithm (GA) adalah metode adaptif yang digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah pencarian dan optimasi, diantaranya adalah Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) yang merupakan persoalan optimasi, dimana rute terpendek merupakan solusi yang paling optimal. GA juga salah satu metode optimisasi global yang bekerja dengan baik dan efisien pada fungsi tujuan yang kompleks dalam hal nonlinear, tetapi GA mempunyai masalah yaitu konvergensi prematur. Untuk mengatasi masalah konvergensi prematur, maka pada penelitian ini diusulkan Dynamic Artificial Chromosomes (DAC) yang digunakan untuk mengkontrol keragaman populasi dan juga seleksi kromosom terbaik untuk memilih individu atau kromosom terbaik yang tujuannya untuk membuat keragaman pada populasi menjadi beragam dan keluar dari konvergensi prematur. Beberapa eksperimen dilakukan dengan menggunakan Genetic Algorithm Dynamic Artificial Chromosomes (GA-DAC), dimana threshold terbaik adalah 0.5, kemudian juga mendapatkan hasil perbaikan pada jarak terpendek yang dibandingkan dengan GA standar dengan dataset KroA100 sebesar 12.60%, KroA150 sebesar 13.92% dan KroA200 sebesar 12.92%. Untuk keragaman populasi mendapatkan hasil pada KroA100 sebesar 24.97%, KroA150 sebesar 50.84% dan KroA200 sebesar 49.08% dibandingkan dengan GA standar. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa GA-DAC bisa mendapatkan hasil lebih baik dibandingkan dengan GA standar, sehingga ini akan membuat GA bisa keluar dari konvergensi prematur