The morphology of the afferent and efferent domain of the sheep glomerulus

Background: It is important to know the morphology of the glomerulus in order to explain kidney infiltration. The present study aims to research the morphology of afferent and efferent domains of sheep kidney glomeruli. Materials and methods: In this study, 2000 glomeruli from 20 kidneys of Akkaraman sheep were examined using the polyester resin method. Results: It was found that the glomeruli of sheep kidney usually had an afferent arteriole as well as an efferent arteriole. Besides, it was also found that five glomeruli had two efferent arterioles. It is known that the afferent domain constitutes the largest part of the glomerulus. In two of the glomeruli that we examined, the afferent domain formed the 1/2 of the glomeruli wherein the other two glomeruli afferent domain formed the 3/4.Conclusions: It is known that there are many anastomoses between the afferent and efferent domain of capillaries. However, it is not well-explained how anastomosis is created between the afferent and efferent domains. In our study, it was identified that those anastomoses were not inside the lobes but between the surrounding capillaries

Anatomy of parotid gland and its secretory ducts in sheep

Background: The parotid gland in sheep ends freely in front of the masseter muscle, and paracondylary section of occipital bone and extends deep until pterygoid extends of sphenoid bone and hyoid bone. The structure of salivary glands in mammals has been thoroughly studied using histological and sialographic method. This study aimed to reveal the detailed anatomic features and race-specific differences of the canal system of the parotid glands in Akkaraman sheep by using the corrosion cast technique. Materials and methods: Thirteen sheep parotid glands from 7 Akkaraman sheep were used in this study. Parotid glands were removed from their places with ducts. Measurements were made with a calliper from back to front, top to bottom and inside to outside. After dissection of the parotid glands, their volumes were measured according to the ‘Archimedes principle’. Also, 13 sheep parotid glands were examined using the polyester resin method. Results: In the present study, our average metric results were: length of parotid duct was 10.92 ± 1.027 cm, length of parotid gland was 5.87 ± 1.04 cm, volume of parotid gland was 12.50 ± 2.48 cm3, thickness of parotid gland was 0.75 ± ± 0.36 cm and width of parotid gland was 4.07 ± 0.43 cm. The average weight of the parotid gland of Akkaraman sheep was identified as 25.3 g. Accessory parotid gland was not encountered in the current study. Conclusions: It was observed that polyester entered into the parotid duct and filled up until the acinus and made both acinus and secretory ducts well-examined in this study. It was also observed that the parotid gland consisted of lobes and lobules. The average number of lobes was 12. The number of lobules in a lobe varied between 3 and 16, each lobe consisted of an average of 9 lobules. It was found that each lobe has its own lobar duct. Copyright © 2022 Via Medica

An unique unilateral tendon variation of the extensor digitorum longus muscle

Purpose: The double tendon of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was observed on the left leg of a 80-year-old male cadaver. Methods: A male cadaver 80 years old was subjected to routine anatomical dissection for research and teaching purposes. Results: The main tendon of the EDL muscle started just at the end of the muscle belly. However, the accessory tendon started at the tendinous end of the muscle as a continuation of the muscle. The main and accessory tendons split into two more slips after passing through the same tunnel below the extensor retinaculum. There was also difference on ending of the tendon slips of EDL muscle. The main tendon divided into two tendinous slips on the dorsum of the foot attached to the second and third toes. The accessory tendon divided into two tendinous slips on the dorsum of the foot attached to the fourth and the fifth toes. Conclusion: Knowledge of the tendons and anatomical differences of this muscle is important for surgeons in interventional procedures involving the dorsum of the foot. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature

Sosyal Zekâ ve İçsel Motivasyonun Ar-Ge Performansına Etkisi: Ar-Ge Merkezleri Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Amaç – Bu araştırmanın amacı sosyal zekâ ve içsel motivasyonun araştırma ve geliştirme (Ar-Ge) faaliyetlerinin performansına olan etkisinin incelenmesidir. Yöntem – Türkiye’de Ar-Ge merkezi belgesine sahip farklı sektörlerde faaliyet gösteren işletmelerde çalışan 407 kişiden anket yöntemi ile veri toplanmıştır. Sosyal zekâ, içsel motivasyon ve Ar-Ge performans değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkilerin teorik olarak uygunluğu doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile incelenirken, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi için regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular – İçsel motivasyonun gerek tek başına gerekse sosyal zekâ alt boyutları ile birlikte modele dahil olduğunda Ar-Ge proje başarısına olumlu katkı yaptığı bulunmuştur. Buna karşın sosyal zekâ ile Ar-Ge performansı arasında istatistiki olarak oldukça sınırlı bir ilişkiye rastlanırken, ilişki içsel motivasyonun modele girmesi ile tamamen ortadan kalkmaktadır. Bu bulgular doğrultusunda, içsel motivasyonun Ar-Ge projelerinin başarısını olumlu yönde etkilediği görülurken, sosyal zekâ faktörünün etkisinin nispeten kısıtlı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Tartışma – Sosyal zekâ değişkeninin Ar-Ge proje başarısı üzerinde istatistiki olarak oldukça sınırlı bir etkiye sahip olması muhtemelen Ar-Ge ve inovasyon projelerinde çalışanların ağırlıklı olarak mühendislik, fen ve sağlık bilimleri alanlarında eğitim görmüş teknik altyapılı bireyler olması şeklinde açıklanabilir. İçsel motivasyonun modele dahil olması sonrasında bu ilişkinin gözlenememesinin bir nedeni, ise içsel motivasyonun sosyal zekâ ile Ar-Ge projelerinin başarısı arasındaki muhtemel aracılık etkisi olabilir. Yeni teknolojiler yaratmak, özgün fikirler ve ürünler geliştirmek için yüksek içsel motivasyonun ön plana çıkarak Ar-Ge proje başarısını etkilemesi ise literatür ile uyumlu doğal bir bulgu olarak değerlendirilmektedir

The morphology of the afferent and efferent domain of the sheep glomerulus

Background: It is important to know the morphology of the glomerulus in order to explain kidney infiltration. The present study aims to research the morphology of afferent and efferent domains of sheep kidney glomeruli. Materials and methods: In this study, 2000 glomeruli from 20 kidneys of Akkaraman sheep were examined using the polyester resin method. Results: It was found that the glomeruli of sheep kidney usually have an afferent arteriole as well as an efferent arteriole. Besides, it was also found that five glomeruli have two efferent arterioles. It is known that the afferent domain constitutes the largest part of the glomerulus. In two of the glomeruli that we examined, the afferent domain forms the ½ of the glomeruli wherein the other two glomeruli afferent domain forms the ¾. Conclusions: It is known that there are many anastomoses between the afferent and efferent domain capillaries. However, it is not well-explained how anastomosis is created between the afferent and efferent domains. In our study, it was identified that those anastomoses are not inside the lobes but between the surrounding capillaries

A Comparison of Automated Segmentation and Manual Tracing of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Quantify Lateral Ventricle Volumes

Objective: Ventricular volume measurements have been proposed as a useful biomarker for several neurological diseases. The goal of this study was to compare the performance of 3 fully-automated tools, volBrain (http://volbrain.upv.es), ALVIN (Automatic Lateral Ventricle Delineation) (https://sites.google.com/site/mrilateralventricle/), and MRICloud (http://mricloud.org), with expert hand tracing to quantify lateral ventricle (LV) volume using magnetic resonance images. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 24 healthy subjects (age: 25.1±5.7 years, all male). Volumes derived from each automated measurement were compared to hand tracing results performed by 2 specialists to assess the percent volume difference using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), Dice index value, and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The ICC agreement of the Manual_1 and Manual_2 was very good (0.979), and there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.001). The volume difference of all methods was similar. The CCC with MRICloud and ALVIN was higher than that of volBrain. Bland-Altman plots indicated that the 3 automated methods demonstrated acceptable agreement. Conclusion: Compared with hand tracing, the LV volumes generated by MRICloud were more accurate than those of volBrain and ALVIN. LV volume values can provide valuable data related to the volumetric dependencies of the anatomical structures in various clinical conditions that can now be easily obtained using automated tools

A golden ratio for foramen magnum: an anatomical pilot study

Background: The foramen magnum (FM) is an important landmark because of its close relationship to key structures such as the brainstem and spinal cord, an extension of the medulla oblongata. Because of the similarity in their shape, the existence of a relationship between cranial length and anteroposterior diameter of the FM, and between cranial width and transverse diameter of the FM may reveal the magnificent harmony of the skull and FM. Based on this idea, we investigated the existence of this harmony in skulls that we used in our study. Materials and methods: In this study, 60 adult dry skulls belonging to the Turkish population were examined. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum and the length and width of the skull were measured. Measurements were made directly on the skull using a digital sliding caliper. New indices and ratios were applied with those measurements. Results: Our study suggests that FM width and FM length could be estimated by using the cranial length and cranial width measurements in the skull by accepting the mean of these coefficients (4.62) as the golden ratio. The average of the coefficients of cranial width to FM width ratio [4.62 ± 0.35 (95% CI: 4.52-4.70)] and the average of the coefficients of cranial length to the FM length ratio [4.62 ± 0.50 (95% CI): 4.49-4.76)] were found to be equal to each other. In order to check the accuracy of this hypothesis, FM width and FM lengths were estimated with the help of new equations. Conclusions: In the present study, the ratio between the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of both FM and the cranium was estimated at 4.62, indicating a magnificent harmony between cranial and subcranial structures. With this ratio, it is easy to estimate FM's size based on simple cranial measurements

GNSS station design for global climate change monitoring in Antarctica: ınstallation of TUR1 and TUR2 GNSS stations on Horseshoe Island in Antarctica During The 4th Turkish Antarctic Science Expedition

Son yıllarda uzay tabanlı konumlama sistemleri, GNSS Meteorolojisi ve GNSS Reflektometresi teknikleri kullanılarak gözlemlenen atmosferik su buharı, deniz, buz ve kar seviyeleri gibi önemli parametrelerle küresel iklim değişikliğinin izlenmesinde etkili bir destekleyici araç haline gelmiştir. Küresel ölçekte tüm bölgelerden daha hızlı ısınan Antarktika'da iklim değişikliğini incelemek, gelecekteki iklim değişikliğini daha doğru tahmin etmek için çok önemlidir. Dünya'nın iklim değişikliği etkilerinin izlenebilmesi amacıyla, 118Y322 No’lu TÜBİTAK projesi kapsamında GNSS Meteorolojisi ve GNSS Reflektometresi teknikleri ile 24 Şubat 2020 tarihinden itibaren Antarktika’da atmosferik su buharı değişimleri, kar derinliği ve buz kalınlığı değişimleri gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Troposfer ve Deniz Seviyesi Gözlem İstasyonu (TUR1) ile Troposfer ve Kar / Buz Seviyesi Gözlem İstasyonunun (TUR2) tasarım çalışmaları ve 4. Ulusal Antarktika Bilim Seferi’nde Antarktika Horseshoe Adası’na kurulum aşamaları anlatılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar, meteorolojik koşullar, şebekeden bağımsız ve batarya ile bütünleşik enerji sisteminin en sağlıklı şekilde güneş ve rüzgâr enerjisinden beslenmesi ve bölgede oluşabilecek buzul oluşumu ve kayaç parçalanması gibi jeolojik parametreler de göz önüne alınarak yapılmıştır.In recent years, space-based positioning systems have become an effective supporting tool for monitoring global climate change by important parameters such as atmospheric water vapor, sea, ice and snow levels observed by using GNSS Meteorology and GNSS Reflectometry techniques. Studying climate change in Antarctica, which is warming faster than all of the regions on a global scale, is very important to predict future climate change more accurately. In order to monitor climate change effects of the Earth, tropospheric water vapor variations, snow depth and ice thickness changes have been observing in Antarctica since 24 February 2020 by means of GNSS Meteorology and GNSS Reflectometry techniques within the scope of the TUBITAK Project No. 118Y322 In this study, designing studies of Troposphere and Sea Level Observation Station (TUR1) and Troposphere and Snow / Ice Level Observation Station (TUR2) and installation steps to Horseshoe Island in Antarctica during the 4th National Antarctic Science Expedition are explained. These studies was carried out by taking into account the meteorological conditions, the healthiest feeding of the off grid battery integrated energy system from solar and wind energy and geological parameters such as glacial formation and rock fragmentation that may occur in the region

Investigation of the effect of education supported by travel-observation on 7th grade secondary school students environmental attitudes on the impacts of recycling and plastic waste on the environment

Bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmeler arttıkça, atıklardan dolayı çevre daha çok kirlenmektedir. Bu durumun tersine dönmesi için bireylerin ve toplumların çevre konusunda daha duyarlı olması gerekir. Bu çalışmada ortaokul 7. sınıf öğrencilerinin çevre bilgisi, çevre duygusu ve çevre davranışlarının bir geri dönüşüm fabrikasına yapılan ziyaretten sonra nasıl değiştiğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini ortaokul 7. sınıf öğrencileri, örneklemini ise 2018-2019 eğitim-öğretim yılında Aksaray Merkez’de bulunan bir devlet ortaokuldaki 7. sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Ön test son test yarı deneysel kontrol gruplu araştırma modeli ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmaya rastgele seçimle belirlenmiş toplam 54 öğrenci katılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak; Avan ve Aydınlı tarafından geliştirilen çevre bilgi ölçeği, çevre duygu ölçeği ve çevre davranış ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada öğrencilerinin çevreye karşı tutumları ‘cinsiyet’, ve ‘anne-babanın öğrenim düzeyi’ değişkenleri açısından araştırılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ortalama ve standart sapma gibi betimsel istatistikler, bağımsız ve bağımlı gruplar için t-testi ve ANCOVA kullanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda değişkenler açışından öğrencilerin çevre tutumlarının değişmediği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca deney ve kontrol grubunun ön test ve son test sonuçları karşılaştırılması sonucunda deney grubu ile kontrol grubunun çevreye karşı bilgi, duygu ve davranış tutumları arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Müfredat değişikliğine bağlı olarak; bir yıl öncesinde öğrencilere aynı kazanımların verilmiş olması ve yaptığımız çalışmadan hemen önce uygulamaya konulan “Sıfır Atık Projesi”nin öğrencilerin atık, geri dönüşüm ve plastik atıkların çevreye etkileri konusunu daha dikkatli şekilde dinlemelerine neden olmuş olabilir. Ayrıca araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturan öğrencilerin yaklaşık %30’unu yabancı uyruklu öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin Türkçe eğitimini kısa süreli görmelerinden kaynaklı olarak Türkçe okuma ve yazmada sorun yaşamaktadır. Tüm bu nedenlerden dolayı da çalışmamızda gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak fark oluşmadığını düşünmekteyiz.As scientific and technological developments increase, the environment gets more polluted due to waste. Individuals and societies need to be more sensitive to the environment to reverse this situation. In this study, examining how 7th-grade secondary school students' environmental knowledge, sense of environment, and attitudes towards the environment have changed is targeted. The population consists of 7th-grade secondary school students, and the research sample is the 7th-grade students in a state secondary school in Aksaray in the 2018-2019 academic year. 54 randomly selected students participated in the study which was carried out with a pre-test, post-test research model, and a quasi-experimental control group. Data coollection tools are environmental knowledge scale, sense of environment scale, and environmental attitude scale developed by Avan and Aydınlı. 7th-grade secondary school students' attitudes towards the environment were investigated in terms of variables of gender and parents' education level in this study. Descriptive statistics like arithmetic mean and standard deviation in data analysis and t-test and ANCOVA for dependent and independent variables got used. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the environmental attitudes of the students did not change in terms of variables. Moreover, in consequence of comparing the pre-test and posttest results of the experimental and control groups, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group's knowledge, sense and behavior attitudes towards the environment. Depending on the curriculum change; the fact that the same learning outcomes were given to the students one year ago and the “Zero Waste Project" implemented just before our study may have caused the students to listen more carefully to the environmental issues of waste, recycling, and plastic waste. Additionally, approximately 30% of the research sample consists of foreign students. Foreign students have difficulties in reading and writing in Turkish due to their short-term Turkish education. Because of all these reasons, we think that there is no statistical difference between the groups in our study