Garlic extract based preparation of size controlled superparamagnetic hematite nanoparticles and their cytotoxic applications

108-118Magnetic nanoparticles have been researched extensively recently for site specific cancer cell treatment. Typically, ultrafine, stable and biocompatible particles prepared using simple, economical and environment friendly approaches are greatly desirable. In the present study hematite nanoparticles were prepared by a semi-synthetic approach using aqueous garlic extract. The Allium sativum (as) prepared particles were appropriately characterized and checked for in vitro cytotoxic effects and hemocompatability. Well dispersed (polydispersity index 0.144), superparamagnetic (Ms: 15.677 emu/g), spherical particles possessing an average 10 nm diameter and good colloidal stability (zeta potential: -36.8 mV) were obtained. Nanoparticles displayed a UV absorption maximum at 450 nm and a characteristic peak at 587 cm-1 in the Infra-red (IR) spectra representing Fe-O bond. Various bioactive components present in the garlic extract could reduce the metal precursors as well as help in coating the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles exhibited negligible percentage hemolysis and concentration dependent cytotoxicity with inhibition concentration fifty percent (IC50) values of 230 µg/ml, 346 µg/ml and 285 µg/ml for cell lines of colorectal cancer (HCT 116), breast cancer (MCF-7) and cervical cancer (HeLa), respectively. In contrast normal lung fibroblast MRC-5 cell line did not exhibit any apparent cytotoxicity in the studied concentration range. Hence, biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles were green synthesized for potential therapeutic application

EFFECT OF LABETALOL AND ESMOLOL ON ONSET OF ACTION OF ROCURONIUM: A PROSPECTIVE DOUBLE-BLINDED RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Objective: Labetalol is a non-selective beta blocker which is used for the treatment of hypertension. Its role in controlling the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation is established. This comparative controlled study was carried out to verify its effects on time to onset of action of rocuronium in comparison to esmolol.Methods: We randomized patients into two groups. Group A receiving injection labetalol 0.25 mg/kg diluted to 10 ml with 0.9% saline and Group B receiving 0.5 mg/kg of esmolol in 10 ml 0.9% saline before surgery. The time to onset of action of rocuronium, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded. The adverse reactions were observed in the post-operative period.Results: A total of 60 patients were randomized into two groups. At the time of intubation, the systolic blood pressure and heart rate were similar between the two groups. The onset of action of rocuronium was decreased significantly in the labetalol group.Conclusion: Labetalol attenuates the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation both during intubation. It also slightly decreases the time to onset of action of rocuronium

Differential desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by newly identified MTCC strains: Influence of Operon Array.

Since the sulfur specific cleavage is vital for the organic sulfur removal from fossil fuel, we explored potential bacterial strains of MTCC (Microbial Type Culture Collection) to desulfurize the Dibenzothiophene (DBT) through C-S bond cleavage (4-S pathway). MTCC strains Rhodococcus rhodochrous (3552), Arthrobacter sulfureus (3332), Gordonia rubropertincta (289), and Rhodococcus erythropolis (3951) capable of growing in 0.5 mM DBT were examined for their desulfurization ability. The presence of dsz genes as well as the metabolites was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and HPLC, respectively. All these strains showed > 99% DBT desulfurization with 10 days of incubation in minimal salt medium. From the HPLC analysis it was further revealed that these MTCC strains show differences in the end metabolites and desulfurize DBT differently following a variation in the regular 4-S pathway. These findings are also well corroborating with their respective organization of dszABC operons and their relative abundance. The above MTCC strains are capable of desulfurizing DBT efficiently and hence can be explored for biodesulfurization of petrochemicals and coal with an eco-friendly and energy economical process

Standardization of PCR product of <i>dsz</i> genes and 16s rRNA with different annealing temperatures.

<p>The PCR products with different annealing temperature were electrophoresed in agaraose gel against 100 bp DNA ladder.</p

Screening of <i>dsz</i> genes in different MTCC strains <i>Rhodococcus rhodochrous</i> (3552), <i>Artrobacter sulfureus</i> (3332), <i>Gordonia rubropertincta</i> (289) and <i>Rhodococcus erythropolis</i> (3951) enriched with DBT.

<p>The different lanes are showing the amplified products of different genes <i>dszA</i>, <i>dszB</i>, <i>dszC</i> and <i>dszD</i>.</p

Differential desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by newly identified MTCC strains: Influence of Operon Array - Fig 4

<p>HPLC graph showing the retention time of (a) DBT and (b) 2-HBP. (c) The control DBT without microorganism also shows same retention time with respect to the standard DBT without any degradation.</p

List of organisms comparing their desulfurizing efficiency in percentage removal of sulfur from literature with reference to the present study.

<p>List of organisms comparing their desulfurizing efficiency in percentage removal of sulfur from literature with reference to the present study.</p

Possible bacterial strains containing <i>dszABC</i> operon.

<p>Possible bacterial strains containing <i>dszABC</i> operon.</p

4S-Pathway of biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT).

<p>Four enzymes (DszA, DzsB, DszC and DszD) are involved in the pathway where the first three steps catalyzed by flavin mononucleotide reduced (FMNH₂)-dependent monooxygenases, those leading to DBT-sulfoxide (DBTO), DBT-dioxide (DBTO₂) and hydroxyphenyl benzenesulfinate (HPBS), respectively. The final desulfurization step to 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP) is catalyzed by desulfinase.</p

Differential desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by newly identified MTCC strains: Influence of Operon Array - Fig 5

<p>Chromatogram showing the DBT desulfurization after 10 days of growth with different MTCC strains (a) <i>Rhodococcus rhodochrous</i> (3552), (b) <i>Artrobacter sulfureus</i> (3332), (c) <i>Gordonia rubropertincta</i> (289) and (d) <i>Rhodococcus erythropolis</i> (3951).</p