The Status of African Customary Criminal Law and Justice under the Received English Criminal Law in Zambia: A Case for the Integration of the Two Systems

A ZLRev article on Zimbia's judiciary system.The coming of the British administration to Zambia towards the beginning of the 19th Century brought with it not only a different system of maintaining social order, but an entirely new criminal justice system This article attempts to examine African criminal law and justice which prevailed at the time the Europeans came, the introduced and current English system and the European reaction to the former. It then assesses the impact English ideals of criminal justice had on the indigenous African concepts and practices and throws light on the continuities of certain themes introduced during the Colonial rule into the post-independence Zambia. The article ends with a call for the integration of certain traditional practices into* 1 the modern criminal justice, without sacrificing the basic aspects of justice. This approach would enhance the acceptability of criminal justice which at the moment could be regarded as rather too divorced from people's expectations and sense of justice especially if viewed in the eyes of traditional practices

Property Crime and the Criminal Process in Lusaka Magistrates' Courts.

This thesis investigates the etiology of property crime in Lusaka, Zambia, as well as the way in which it has been dealt with by the criminal justice system, namely, the police, the courts and the prisons. The thesis is divided into 9 chapters. Chapter 1, the Introduction reviews the literature, discusses the methodology and describes the setting. Chapter 2 discusses customary criminal law and punishment, criminal justice during the colonial period, and the received criminal law and punishment. It also looks at the structure of the subordinate courts, the prosecution system and legal representation. Chapter 3 looks at the incidence and the etiology of property crime (the background characteristics of offenders), the offenders' preferred methods of attack, and the motivation for crime. It then discusses recidivism and criminal careers. Chapter 4 discusses pre-trial procedure, i.e., the circumstances of arrest and the role of both the police and members of the public in the arrest of suspects and offenders and the question of bail. It also examines the nature of the police- suspect encounter and the factors considered by the police in making the decision to prosecute. Chapter 5 discusses the trial process, i.e, it examines the circumstances under which both the police and complainants withdraw cases before judgment is delivered. It also looks at the cases which were dismissed and those which ended in the acquittal of defendants. Chapters 6 and 7 discuss the principles of sentencing which magistrates followed in imposing both the sentence of imprisonment and various non-custodial measures. Chapter 8 examines the role of both the criminal justice system and members of the public in the prevention of property crime. Chapter 9 concludes the thesis and makes suggestions for reform

Evaluation of Bi2O3 and Sb6O13 as oxidants for silicon fuel in time delay detonators

This study considered bismuth (III) oxide (Bi2O3) and antimony hexitatridecoxide (Sb6O13) as potential substitutes for the red lead (Pb3O4) and barium sulphate (BaSO4) oxidants currently used in time delay compositions for detonator assemblies. Fine silicon powders with a specific surface area of 2 - 10 m2/g were used as fuels. Some experiments were also done with a coarse manganese powder as fuel. Bi2O3 was synthesised by the thermal decomposition of (BiO) 2CO3 by heating at 460°C for 15 hours. The yield was near quantitative, ie. close to the 91,4% expected based on the complete conversion of the carbonate to the oxide. Sb6O13 was obtained by heating colloidal antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5) for 8 hours at 315°C. This resulted in a ca. 20 % mass loss and yielded a reactive black powder. In the Si-Bi2O3 system, compositions in the range 5 - 40% by mass Si were ignitable with shock tubing. Burn rates measured in lead tubes varied between 15 and 155 mm/s. This highest burn rate was obtained with 20% silicon. Addition of additives such as KMnO4 and boric oxide had little effect on the burn rate. The fast burning Si-Bi2O3 system is a potential replacement for the commercial Si - red lead system. The burning rate decreased with increasing compaction of the samples. Burn rate also decreased when the aluminium instead of lead tubes were used. This is attributed to a greater heat loss with the former. The combustion products were characterised using DTA, FT-IR, XRD and SEM. The results show that the combustion reactions led to reduction of the oxidant to the corresponding metal form. The Sb6O13-Si system requires an initiating composition such as Bi2O3-50%Si (Type 4). It is slow burning and thus a possible replacement for the commercial BaS04-Si system. The lowest sustainable and reproducible burn rate, in the absence of additives, was 4,8 mm/s. It was achieved using 10% silicon Type 4. Adding small amounts of fumed silica <2%) increased the burn rate. This is attributed to better mixing and compaction. However, lower burn rates (~2 mm/s) are possible if more fumed silica is added as inert diluent. Replacing the silicon fuel with manganese powder gave more exothermic and even slower burning compositions.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM)unrestricte

Understanding political corruption in post-apartheid South Africa: The Gauteng Experience 1994-2004

Faculty of Humanities School of Social Sciences 9304636m [email protected] objective of this study was to unveil the effectiveness of current strategies put in place to thwart the root causes of corruption and its damaging effects on economic growth and political development in the Gauteng Provincial Government. To achieve this purpose, this thesis looked at the incidence of political corruption in South Africa in general and Gauteng in particular, in an attempt to ascertain the implication of the political and historical legacy of corruption on democratic governance. This work is an attempt to raise awareness and understanding of the problem of corruption, more a step toward transparency and accountability. The research project is positioned within the qualitative paradigm at the preliminary stage to establish a historical background of political corruption. And within the quantitative research at the second stage that required establishing from the preliminary research a sizeable sample of (approximately 100) key individuals and people in the field of corruption to which detailed questionnaires were distributed. The main findings as shown from the Gauteng experience were that in Gauteng, cases of corruption were widespread in almost all departments where public servants exploited state structures and used them to extract benefits for their own gains. However, the departments the most vulnerable to corrupt practices were those of Housing, Safety and Security, Transport and Public Works, Education, Welfare, Local Government and Health. As discovered, areas such as affirmative action, tendering or the expanded provision of benefits (e.g. in Housing, Welfare or Education) are areas that are vulnerable to corruption and are all associated with transformation/democratization projects. However, the incidence of corruption in the province can be explained by Gauteng’s lack of a “traditional” culture base that may make leaders especially susceptible to acquisitive and individualistic forms of behaviour. As a result corruption impacts negatively on the political process by undermining the legitimacy of the state and economically by impeding developmental strategies, as “corruption leads to loss of much needed revenue and human talent for development, distorts priorities for public policy, and shifts scarce resources away from the public interest … Political instability, corruption, and underdevelopment are mutually reinforcing” (Elliot: 2001:926). vi In terms of anti-corruption measures, the study has found that Gauteng is on the right path, as anti-corruption measures applied in the province suit those applied at the national level, that in turn are in the same line with international practices. The study argues that while Gauteng anti-corruption measures have succeeded in reducing corruption levels, they have not stopped it, as new cases surface almost every week in the local press. Thus there is still room for improvement if the Gauteng government aims to succeed. The researcher has recommended that there is a need for common guidelines and coordination strategies amongst internal departmental anti-corruption units that have been established and the initiation in each department of its own monitoring and evaluation capacity. This means the build-up and the improvement of internal audits and controls by higher authority applicable to both officialdom and the business sector. Finally the study assumes that many other examples of strategies to fight corruption could be provided, however, the ones provided are sufficient to argue the point that in many cases the fight against corruption cannot proceed independently from the reform of the state. In many ways it is the same fight. The study’s major conclusions concern those general assumptions about the relationship between democracy and good governance, which characterize certain theories concerning the causation of corruption, need to be revised. Even the most authoritarian systems, as was apartheid, were able to control the levels of corruption and keep it at an economically viable level. To this end, other mechanisms such as accounting standards and audits and direct accountability of leadership in government need to be strengthened alongside with the protection of whistleblowers. But the end result is that several factors associated with these mechanisms have highlighted the fact that transparency and the resulting exposure have increased opportunities for graft. In more democratic and open societies, besides greater civic engagement, the chance of closer monitoring and exposure of corrupt officials and politicians is higher than in no democratic society. Freedom of the press and of association leads public interest groups to expose abuses of power. While democracy seems to decrease corruption, both variables interact strongly with the level of transition. Hence the needs for more research on the actual effect of democratization in government departments that will serve the cause of anti-corruption campaign better

The street envelope: the street's synergy for placemaking within the informal settlements

Upgrading of informal settlements in South Africa is fast becoming a reality. One of the reasons progressive government policies in settlement upgrade fails to be implemented is because creative design and planning strategies have yet to be introduced. Upgrading informal settlements entails creating an environment that would help communities improve their social and economic status. This can be achieved by offering design elements that the communities can exploit in different ways as well as creating points of contact, in the plan of the area, which will generate social and economic encounters that will be beneficial to the community. This idea is made possible by the streets. This research looks at how people in the local community live their lives in the streets and spaces between the buildings and it tries to unearth the dynamics of these spaces so that these spatial dynamics can be reproduced, aligning modern forms of architecture with the traditional cultural praxis of community. The street is an element that is a vital source of life and commercial activities. This element can also work as a stage, theatre, market and playground, yet maintaining its primary function of movement, transit, orientation and connectivity. The infrastructure of the streets can work in conjunction with the building, in doing so the architecture embraces social and urban qualities resulting in a structure that breaks away from the idea of the building object and the conceptions of what we perceive architecture, urbanism and planning to be. In achieving this, the street is re-envisioned in a different way than usual

Insertion Professionnelle Des Femmes En Republique Democratique Du Congo : Etat Des Lieux

Le paysage politique et sociologique de la RDC, révèle que les femmes universitaires comparées aux hommes sont moins inserées dans la vie professionnelle à 9,1 . Plusieurs facteurs expliquent le faible taux d'inser-tion professionnelle des femmes diplômées dans la ville de Lubumbashi.Outre, la rareté de l'emploi, le taux de chômage élevé, certains se battent pour Une construction sociale denomée insertion professionnelle.Elle est influencée par plusieurs facteurs entre autres, la filière d'études specialisées et techniques, l'anglais, le stage professionnel,la position sociale du mari, le statut des parents et des compétitions de la femme, par contre elle est expliquée par les préjugés socioculturels.Mot clé, insertion professionnelle, femmes des universités, le milieu pro-fessionnel et Lubumbashi

Nanoencapsulation of water-soluble drug, lamivudine, using a double emulsion spray-drying technique for improving HIV treatment

This research article published by Springer Nature Switzerland AG., 2013Current treatments available for human immunodeficiency virus, namely antiretrovirals, do not completely eradicate the virus from the body, leading to life-time commitment. Many antiretrovirals suffer drawbacks from toxicity and unpleasant side effects, causing patience noncompliance. To minimize challenges associated with the antiretrovirals, biodegradable nanoparticles used as drug delivery systems hold tremendous potential to enhance patience compliance. The main objective of this work was to load lamivudine (LAM) into poly(epsiloncaprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles. LAM is a hydrophilic drug with low plasma half-life of 5–7 h and several unpleasant side effects. LAM was nanoencapsulated into PCL polymer via the double emulsion spray-drying method. Formulation parameters such as the effect of solvent, excipient and drug concentration were optimized for the synthesis of the nanoparticles. Spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 215 ± 3 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.227 ± 0.01 were obtained, when ethyl acetate and lactose were used in the preparation. However, dichloromethane presented sizes larger than 454 ± 11 nm with PDI of more than 0.4 ± 0.05, irrespective of whether lactose or trehalose was used in the preparation. Some of the nanoparticles prepared with trehalose resulted in crystal formation. UV spectroscopy showed encapsulation efficiency ranging from 68 ± 4 to 78 ± 4 % for LAM depending on the starting drug concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the possibility of preparing amorphous PCL nanoparticles containing LAM. Drug release extended for 4 days in pH 1.3, pH 4.5 and pH 6.8. These results indicated that LAM-loaded PCL nanoparticles show promise for controlled delivery

Evaluation of the fatigue resistance of power line conductors function of the H/w parameter

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2017.Deste 1960, um grupo instituído pela CIGRÉ (Conseil Intrntional des Grands Réseaux Électriques) propôs o uso do Every Day Stress (EDS) para projeto de linhas de transmissão aéreas. Porém, investigações em campo chamaram atenção para ocorrência de danos devidos à fadiga em condutores, mesmo com o uso de EDS recomendados. Mais recentemente, a CIGRÉ propôs o uso do parâmetro H/w para projeto, com a intenção de generalizar o comportamento em fadiga dos condutores aéreos. O objetivo deste trabalho, então, é conduzir um estudo experimental para avaliar os efeitos do parâmetro catenário (H/w) na vida em fadiga de condutores aéreos. Comparações entre as curvas S-N geradas mostraram que o condutor CAA Tern sustenta um número significativamente maior de ciclos antes da falha por fadiga ocorrer do que o CAL 900 MCM, para os valores de H/w. Enquanto isso, o CA Orchid apresentou uma vida em fadiga localizada entre os dois condutores citados e similar à do ACAR 750 MCM. Os dados experimentais dos testes estáticos se adequaram bem aos valores teóricos estimados. Análises de falha de amostras de quebradas (fios) revelaram, não apenas que as trincas tiveram início nas áreas de escorregamento dos fios de alumínio, mas também, sua morfologia apresentou clara evidência de falhas por fadiga, assim como marcas de praia e trincas secundárias. Adicionalmente, uma análise de falha foi realizada, não só em termos da camada em que ocorreu a quebra do fio e do tipo de superfície de falha, mas também de acordo com a posição relativa à boca do grampo em que as falhas ocorreram dentro do grampo de suspensão. Dados apresentados nesse estudo podem ser utilizados em vários programas de elementos finitos não lineares para melhor entender o comportamento mecânico dos condutores. Ademais, a informação gerada pode ser útil para planejamento de manutenção em linhas de transmissão. Baseada na avaliação do parâmetro H/w apresentada nesse trabalho, foi verificado que o parâmetro representa um claro avanço no projeto de linhas de transmissão contra fadiga devido a vibrações eólicas quando comparado com o anteriormente recomendado Every Day Stress (EDS). Isso é suportado pelo fato de que, quando utilizado o parâmetro H/w, os dados estáticos são consistentes com aqueles previstos pelo uso de equações apropriadas.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).Since 1960, a panel instituted by CIGRÉ (Conseil International des Grands Réseaux Électriques) proposed the use of the Every Day Stress (EDS) for overhead conductor design. But field investigations drew attention to the occurrence of fatigue damage of conductors even though the recommended EDS were adhered. More recently, then, CIGRÉ proposed the use of H/w (The ratio between the horizontal tensile load, H, and the conductor weight per unit length, w) parameter for design purpose with the goal of generalising the fatigue behaviour of overhead conductors. The objective of this work, then, was to conduct an experimental study to evaluate the effects of the catenary parameter (H/w) on the fatigue life of overhead conductors. Comparison between the generated S-N curves proved that the ACSR Tern conductor could sustain a significantly higher number of cycles before fatigue failure than the AAAC 900 MCM for different values of H/w. Meanwhile, the AAC Orchid presented a fatigue life which is located between the two conductors cited above and presents a similar fatigue life as the ACAR 750 MCM. The experimental data from static tests agreed quite well with the estimated theoretical values. Failure analysis of the broken samples (wires) revealed not only that cracks initiated in the fretted areas of the aluminium wires, but also that their morphology presented clear evidence of fatigue failure, such as beach marks and secondary cracks. Additionally, a failure analysis was performed, not only in terms of the layer in which the wires broke and the type of fracture surface but also according to the position from the clamp mouth where these failures occurred inside the suspension clamp. Data presented in this study could be used in various non-linear finite-element programs in order to better understand the mechanical behaviour of conductors. Furthermore, the generated information could be helpful for planning the maintenance of power lines. Based on the evaluation of the parameter H/w presented in this work, it emerged that the H/w parameter represents a clear advance in the design of transmission lines against fatigue due to aeolian vibrations when compared to the previously recommended Every Day Stress (EDS). This is supported by the fact that, when using the H/w parameter, the static data are consistent with those predicted using appropriate equations

Life prediction of power line damper.

Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.Power line function is to transfer electrical power. Power lines represent a major component in the transport process of electricity and they are subjected to various types of failures. Causes of failure include wind-induced oscillations or Aeolian vibrations. Wind causes transmission line conductors to undergo oscillatory motions which cause failure. To mitigate oscillations of line conductors, Stockbridge dampers are used. It has been observed that dampers are subjected to the same undesirable and destructive effects from vibrations as the conductors they are meant to protect. In the case of a damper, the cyclic bending as well as the friction between its wire cables are caused by vibrations leading to failure. The mathematical model describing the bending stress of the symmetrical Stockbridge damper’s messenger cable near the clamped end is analyzed. The reliability of the mathematical model is assessed using experimental data obtained from the forced response test conducted at the VRTC laboratory at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban. Data from the experiment has been compared with the MatLab model established by the researcher. Due to friction between the wires of the messenger cable, variation of temperature is observed in the messenger cable during operation. Change of temperature of the messenger cable was investigated, as a function of time, at constant velocity and constant displacement. Experimental data were generated during dynamic characteristic tests on Stockbridge dampers and thereafter the prediction of the variation temperature was undertaken. There are various mechanical characteristics of a damper that can be affected with time. To reach the aim of this study, three types of vibration test were conducted on the Stockbridge damper: the fatigue test, the forced vibrations test and the free vibrations test. Tests were conducted on a shaker machine with new and used Stockbridge dampers to determine the remaining life of those dampers by looking at their different mechanical properties. The frequency domain and time spectrum were used to display the results. The fatigue test investigated one of the commonest types of Stockbridge damper failure, namely, loss of the small mass because of sustained high frequency resonance. Ultimately, data correlated well and two mathematical models were developed: one for predicting damage in the life of a Stockbridge damper (based on the highest resonance frequency of the damper), and one for predicting the temperature of the messenger cable

An investigation into the success factors of operating a spaza shop in Hillbrow

Abstract: The informal sector in South Africa plays a vital role in reducing the level of unemployment. Hillbrow, close to the Johannesburg Central Business District, inhabits many spaza shops due to the pressure and demand for job creation. This technical report investigates the success factors of running a spaza shop by immigrants in Hillbrow. The study focuses on the factors that sustain the success of the spaza shop in urban areas and the research methodology was used to explain the appropriate approach and data was collected from the African immigrant-business owners in Hillbrow with the help of questionnaires provided to them as voluntary participants. The proliferation of spaza shops in Hillbrow run by African immigrants is mainly due to unemployment. Some possess essential skills that they apply as business principles to run a spaza-type shop or small business as a source of survival or lucrative business...M.Com. (Local Economic Development