VolKilau: Volcano rapid response balloon campaign during the 2018 Kilauea eruption

After nearly 35 years of stable activity, the Kilauea volcanic system in Hawaii went through sudden changes in May 2018 with the emergence of 20 volcanic fissures along the Lower Eastern Rift Zone (LERZ), destroying 700 homes in Leilani Estates and forcing more than 2,000 people to evacuate. Elevated volcanic emissions lasted for several months between May and September 2018, leading to low visibility and poor air quality in Hawaii and across the western Pacific. The NASA-funded VolKilau mission was rapidly mounted and conducted between 11 and 18 June 2018 to (i) profile volcanic emissions with SO2 and aerosol measurements, (ii) validate satellite observations, and (iii) increase readiness for the next large volcanic eruption. Through a series of balloon-borne measurements with tethered and free-released launches, we measured SO2 concentration, aerosol concentration, and optical properties 60–80 km downwind from the volcanic fissures using gas sensors, optical particle counters, backscatter sondes, and an aerosol impactor. While most of the measurements made during the Kilauea eruption were ground based, the VolKilau mission represented a unique opportunity to characterize plume properties, constrain emission profiles, study early chemistry involving the conversion of SO2 into sulfuric acid, and understand the influence of water clouds in the removal of SO2. This unprecedented combination of measurements has significantly improved our team’s ability to assess the atmospheric and human impacts of a major event such as this

ウィスコンシン ダイガク マディソンコウ ガ ジッシ シテイル ナンキョク ムジン キショウ カンソク (AWS) ケイカク ノ 2011-2012 ネン カキ ノ カツドウ

ウィスコンシン大学マディソン校で推進している南極無人気象観測計画(Antarctic Automatic Weather Station(AWS)program)の32 年目の観測が,2011/2012年の南半球夏期に完了した.無人気象観測網を利用して南極の気象と気候の研究が行われている.今シーズンはロス島周辺域,ロス棚氷,西南極,東南極にわたる領域で活動した.基本的に観測点のデータはアルゴス衛星を中継して配信されるが,今年はロス島周辺域の多くの観測点で,マクマード基地を中継して"Freewave modem"を通して配信された.各無人気象観測点報告には,現在設置されている測器と動作状況が含まれる.また,無人気象観測計画の全体像を,野外活動の実施状況に沿って示す.During the 2011-2012 austral summer, the Antarctic Automatic Weather Station (AWS) program at the University of Wisconsin?Madison completed its 32nd year of observations. Ongoing studies utilizing the network include topics in Antarctic meteorology and climate studies. This field season consisted of work throughout the Ross Island area, the Ross Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, and East Antarctica. Argos satellite transmissions are the primary method for relaying station data, but throughout this year, a number of stations in the Ross Island area have been converted to Freewave modems, with their data being relayed through McMurdo station. Each AWS station report contains information regarding the instrumentation currently installed and the work performed at each site. An overview of the AWS applications is included along with field work accomplished

Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Program operated by the University of Wisconsin-Madison during the 2012-2013 field season: Challenges and Successes

ウィスコンシン大学マディソン校で推進している南極無人気象観測計画（Antarctic Automatic Weather Station（AWS）program）の，2012-2013年のフィールド調査および結果の概要を報告する．今期はAWS 観測網の歴史上，特異なシーズンであった．ロス島地域が温暖であったことは氷上滑走路の利用に影響を及ぼし，いくつかの設営面での制約に直面した． 柔軟な計画により，限られた条件下でAWS サービルを最大化し，自動観測ネットワークへの要求に対応する最善の手段をとることができた．This report reviews 2012-2013 field season activities of the University of Wisconsin-Madison＇s Antarctic Automatic Weather Station (AWS) program, summarizes the science that these sites are supporting, and outlines the factors that impact the number of AWS sites serviced in any given field season. The 2012-2013 austral summer season was unusual in the AWS network history. Challenges encountered include, but are not limited to, warmer than normal conditions in the Ross Island area impacting airfield operations, changes to logistical procedures, and competition for shared resources. A flexible work plan provides the best means for taking on these challenges while maximizing AWS servicing efforts under restricted conditions and meeting the need for routine servicing that maintaining an autonomous observing network demands

Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Program operated by the University of Wisconsin-Madison during the 2011-2012 field season

During the 2011-2012 austral summer, the Antarctic Automatic Weather Station (AWS) program at the University of Wisconsin?Madison completed its 32nd year of observations. Ongoing studies utilizing the network include topics in Antarctic meteorology and climate studies. This field season consisted of work throughout the Ross Island area, the Ross Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, and East Antarctica. Argos satellite transmissions are the primary method for relaying station data, but throughout this year, a number of stations in the Ross Island area have been converted to Freewave modems, with their data being relayed through McMurdo station. Each AWS station report contains information regarding the instrumentation currently installed and the work performed at each site. An overview of the AWS applications is included along with field work accomplished

Challenges and Successes

要旨: ウィスコンシン大学マディソン校で推進している南極無人気象観測計画 （Antarctic Automatic Weather Station（AWS）program）の，2012-2013 年のフィール ド調査および結果の概要を報告する．今期は AWS 観測網の歴史上，特異なシー ズンであった．ロス島地域が温暖であったことは氷上滑走路の利用に影響を及ぼ し，いくつかの設営面での制約に直面した． 柔軟な計画により，限られた条件下 で AWS サービルを最大化し，自動観測ネットワークへの要求に対応する最善の 手段をとることができた． Abstract: This report reviews 2012-2013 field season activities of the University of Wisconsin-Madison＇s Antarctic Automatic Weather Station (AWS) program, summarizes the science that these sites are supporting, and outlines the factors that impact the number of AWS sites serviced in any given field season. The 2012-2013 austral summer season was unusual in the AWS network history. Challenges encountered include, but are not limited to, warmer than normal conditions in the Ross Island area impacting airfield operations, changes to logistical procedures, and competition for shared resources. A flexible work plan provides the best means for taking on these challenges while maximizing AWS servicing efforts under restricted conditions and meeting the need for routine servicing tha

Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Program operated by the University of Wisconsin-Madison during the 2012-2013 field season: Challenges and Successes

This report reviews 2012-2013 field season activities of the University of Wisconsin-Madison＇s Antarctic Automatic Weather Station (AWS) program, summarizes the science that these sites are supporting, and outlines the factors that impact the number of AWS sites serviced in any given field season. The 2012-2013 austral summer season was unusual in the AWS network history. Challenges encountered include, but are not limited to, warmer than normal conditions in the Ross Island area impacting airfield operations, changes to logistical procedures, and competition for shared resources. A flexible work plan provides the best means for taking on these challenges while maximizing AWS servicing efforts under restricted conditions and meeting the need for routine servicing that maintaining an autonomous observing network demands