Homem e natureza em um parque nacional do Sul do Brasil: meios de vida e conflitos nos arredores da Lagoa do Peixe

This paper assesses the legitimacy of National Park as the most appropriate category of protected area for the Lagoa do Peixe region, in Southern Brazil. The livelihoods, ecological knowledge and culture of the traditional fishers have been threatened by the creation and implementation of this protected area, leading to conflicts which jeopardize environmental conservation. We suggest that the traditional population be included as partners for the protection of this area of high ecological relevance

Marine Protected Areas: Country Case Studies on Policy, Governance and Institutional Issues

This document presents case studies of the policy, governance and institutional issues of marine protected areas (MPAs) in South America (Northeastern)-Brazil; India, Palau and Senegal. It is the first of four in a global series of case studies on MPAs. An initial volume provides a synthesis and analysis of all the studies. The set of global MPA case studies was designed to close a deficit in information on the governance of MPAs and spatial management tools, within both fisheries management and biodiversity conservation contexts. The studies examine governance opportunities in and constraints on the use of spatial management measures at the national level. They were also designed to inform implementation of the FAO Technical Guidelines on marine protected areas (MPAs) and fisheries, which were developed to provide information and guidance on the use of MPAs in the context of fisheries

Estudo de viabilidade técnica para sistema de geração distribuída fotovoltaica para consumidor do grupo A4

Este trabalho tem por objetivo examinar a viabilidade de projetos geração distribuída de energia solar para consumidores do grupo A4. Primeiramente foram feitas as análises das normas vigentes aplicáveis, posteriormente uma revisão sobre os equipamentos envolvidos e, por fim, o estudo de caso, a partir das necessidades levantadas de uma empresa real situada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Para o estudo de caso realizado foram levados em consideração os custos atuais para aquisição de painéis e inversores. Analisou-se também a viabilidade para diferentes cenários, ambos conservadores, com a tarifa sendo reajustada de acordo com seu valor médio e um pouco abaixo, considerando o reajuste igual à inflação média dos últimos 10 anos. Foram consideradas as opções de pagamento do custo inicial à vista ou mediante financiamento pelo FINAME do BNDES. Os indicadores econômicos utilizados para determinar a viabilidade foram o valor presente líquido, VPL, a taxa interna de retorno, TIR, os paybacks, simples e modificado, e o custo nivelado de geração de energia, LCOE. O sistema foi projetado levando em consideração o consumo da empresa nos últimos doze meses e o resultado obtido indica que o SFCR iria suprir 79% dessa quantia. Por se tratar de um consumidor do grupo A4, a economia obtida depende do horário em que a energia foi gerada, desta forma, simulou-se a produção horária em função da radiação média mensal. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que em todos os cenários propostos o projeto é viável para todos os indicadores, inclusive sua taxa interna de retorno ficou acima do retorno dado por investimentos considerados de baixo risco. Por fim, se tratando de um fator relevante para empresas e para projetos de energia limpa, neste mesmo estudo de caso realizou-se a análise do balanço de emissões de gases do efeito estufa, onde os resultados obtidos demostraram que haveria uma economia de 96 toneladas de CO2 emitidos na atmosfera.This document aims to exam the viability of the photovoltaic distributed generation projects for consumers in A4 (industrial) group. Firstly, the analyzes of the applicable norms were made, then a review about the equipment, finally, the case study based on the needs of a real company located in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre. For this case study was considered the current costs for acquisition of panels and inverters. The viability was analyzed for different scenarios, both conservatives, with the tariff being readjusted according to its average value and slightly below, considering the readjustment equal to the average inflation of the last 10 years. It was considered the options for payment of the initial cost in cash or through financing by FINAME of the BNDES. The economic indicators used to determine viability were net present value, internal rate of return, the paybacks, simple and modified, and the levelized cost of energy, LCOE. The system was designed considering the consumption of the company in the last twelve months and the result indicates that the photovoltaic generator would supply 79% of that amount. Being a consumer of A4 group, the economy obtained depends on the time that energy was generated, so, the hourly production was simulated based on the average monthly radiation. The obtained results demonstrates that in all the proposed scenarios the project is viable for all indicators, and its internal rate of return was above the return given by investments considered low risk. Finally, being a relevant factor for companies and for clean energy projects, in this same case study was made the analyses of the Greenhouse gas emission balances, where the results showed that there would be a saving of 96 tons of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere

Aerogéis híbridos de sílica e suas possíveis aplicações para Isolamento térmico : uma revisão da literatura

Os aerogéis de sílica são materiais nanoestruturados que possuem propriedades interessantes, como baixa densidade, alta área específica, alta porosidade e baixa condutividade térmica (propriedade de isolamento térmico), características que os tornam materiais bastante promissores e cada vez mais estudados. Algumas aplicações comerciais para os aerogéis já foram propostas, como barreiras acústicas, supercapacitores, suportes catalíticos e isolamento térmico. Contudo, eles ainda são pouco explorados em aplicações do cotidiano, já que em geral são materiais frágeis, de síntese complexa e economicamente desfavoráveis (alto custo). Este trabalho é uma revisão da literatura acerca dos aerogéis híbridos de sílica, abordando os seguintes tópicos relacionados à síntese e à aplicação destes materiais: (i) síntese de aerogéis híbridos de sílica e aerogéis convencionais de sílica (não híbridos); (ii) tipos de tratamentos (modificações estruturais) e reagentes empregados na síntese dos aerogéis híbridos e (iii) e aplicação de aerogéis híbridos de sílica, com foco principalmente na aplicação como isolantes térmicos.Silica aerogels are nanostructured materials that have interesting properties, such as low density, high specific area, high porosity and low thermal conductivity (thermal insulation property), characteristics that make them very promising and increasingly studied materials. Some commercial applications for aerogels have already been proposed, such as noise barriers, supercapacitors, catalytic supports and thermal insulation. However, they are still little explored in everyday applications, since in general they are fragile materials, of complex synthesis and economically unfavorable (high cost). This work is a literature review on hybrid silica aerogels, covering the following topics related to the synthesis and application of these materials: (i) synthesis of hybrid silica aerogels and conventional silica aerogels (non-hybrids); (ii) types of treatments (structural modifications) and reagents used in the synthesis of hybrid aerogels and (iii) and application of hybrid silica aerogels, focusing mainly on the application as thermal insulators

Ferrugem da folha sobre genótipos de aveia com diferentes níveis de resistência : danos e perdas

The evolution in virulence of Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae has challenged the genetic resistance to crown rust in oat genotypes. New resistance sources are constantly required for yield stabilization and costs reduction. This study aimed to characterize the crown rust resistance of oat genotypes and the disease´s productive and economic impact. Experiments were conducted in two environments, with and without chemical control. Resistance was measured by disease progress, apparent rate of infection, final severity and pustule size. Damages were based on reduction of yield, 1000 grain mass and hectoliter mass. UFRGS16Q6030-2 was immune. In both environments, UFRGS166091-2 and URS Brava exhibited the greatest level of resistance and the smallest grain yield reduction, while URS 22 was highly susceptible, reducing more than 70% of its grain yield. These results surpass the negative impacts of the disease previously reported in oats, particularly related to grain yield. The data presented in this paper highlighted the importance of genetic resistance, particularly partial resistance, for maintaining oat genetic yield potential, reducing environmental contamination with less fungicides, and increasing economic gains with oat cultivation.A evolução da virulência de Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae desafia a resistência genética de cultivares de aveia à ferrugem da folha. Novas fontes de resistência são constantemente necessárias para estabilizar a produção e reduzir custos. Os objetivos desse estudo foram caracterizar a resistência de seis genótipos de aveia à ferrugem da folha e avaliar o impacto produtivo e econômico causado pela doença. Foram conduzidos ensaios em dois ambientes com e sem o controle químico. A resistência foi medida via progresso da doença, taxa aparente de infecção, severidade final e tamanho da pústula. As perdas foram avaliadas em rendimento, massa de mil grãos e massa do hectolitro. UFRGS 16Q6030-2 foi imune. Em ambos os ambientes, UFRGS 166091-2 e URS Brava exibiram os maiores níveis de resistência e as menores reduções no rendimento de grãos, enquanto URS 22 teve a maior suscetibilidade, com redução superior a 70% no rendimento de grãos. Os resultados obtidos superam os impactos negativos da doença previamente relatados em aveia, particularmente em relação ao rendimento de grãos. Os dados apresentados neste trabalho ressaltam a importância da resistência genética, particularmente a parcial, na manutenção do potencial genético produtivo, na redução de contaminações ambientais pelo menor uso de fungicidas e na ampliação dos ganhos econômicos com a cultura da aveia

A resource management scenario for traditional and scientific management of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) in the Patos Lagoon estuary (RS), Brazil

Abstract\ud \ud \ud \ud Background\ud \ud This article aims to discuss the incorporation of traditional time in the construction of a management scenario for pink shrimp in the Patos Lagoon estuary (RS), Brazil. To meet this objective, two procedures have been adopted; one at a conceptual level and another at a methodological level. At the conceptual level, the concept of traditional time as a form of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) was adopted.\ud \ud \ud \ud Method\ud \ud At the methodological level, we conduct a wide literature review of the scientific knowledge (SK) that guides recommendations for pink shrimp management by restricting the fishing season in the Patos Lagoon estuary; in addition, we review the ethno-scientific literature which describes traditional calendars as a management base for artisanal fishers in the Patos Lagoon estuary.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud Results demonstrate that TEK and SK describe similar estuarine biological processes, but are incommensurable at a resource management level. On the other hand, the construction of a “management scenario” for pink shrimp is possible through the development of “criteria for hierarchies of validity” which arise from a productive dialog between SK and TEK.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud The commensurable and the incommensurable levels reveal different basis of time-space perceptions between traditional ecological knowledge and scientific knowledge. Despite incommensurability at the management level, it is possible to establish guidelines for the construction of “management scenarios” and to support a co-management process.The authors thank The International Opportunities Fund Program from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research, Canada, (IOF/SSHRC) through the Project “Building an International Research Network for Collaborative Coastal Management: Sharing Experiences from Brazil and Canada”, the Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP/Brazil) and the Improvement of Hight Education Personnel CAPES/PROAP for funding support. Daniela C. Kalikoski thanks The Brazilian Chair for the Improvement of High Education Personnel (CAPES)/Marine Science, through “Integrated and Participatory Management of Coastal Marine Areas” for funding support (Project N. 23038.051620/2009-21 Edital 09/2009 - Ciências do Mar)

Antimicrobial high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/ZnO nanocomposites obtained by in situ polymerization

Nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) prepared by combustion in solution was used to obtain nanocomposites. The ZnO particles were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing crystallite size of 32 nm and a superficial area of 32.6 m2 g–1. Nanocomposites with 1, 3, and 5 wt.% of ZnO in the polymeric matrix were obtained using the in situ polymerization of ethylene with catalytic activities between 1500-1700 kg (molZr h PE)–1. The high-density polyethylene nanocomposites (PEZnO) were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), SEM, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanocomposites with 1 wt.% ZnO gave excellent mechanical properties, and all were active against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria