Comparison of Individual Penalties According to Gender and Weight Categories of Elite Judo Athletes from Four World Championships

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Background: This research aimed to compare individual penalties by gender and weight categories in judo from the Judo World Championships (WC): Budapest—2017, Baku—2018, Tokyo—2019 and Budapest—2021 in all individual weight categories for females and males. Methods: Data were collected by notational analysis of 2041 penalty videos for females and 3473 penalty videos for males (total n = 5514). All individual penalties—Shido 1, 2, 3 and Hansoku Make (direct disqualification) were analysed by the Pearson chi-square test at the level of statistical significance of 5%. Results: Significant differences were noted in the assigned individual penalties between individual categories (p < 0.001) in both genders. The significant difference was contributed mainly by the weight category +78 kg with penalties Non-combativity (5.3) and Avoid Grip (−3.4) in females, while in males it impacted by the +100 kg weight category and the Non-combativity (4.2) and Avoid Grip (−4.0) penalties. For females, the most dominant individual penalties were Non-combativity (41.6%), Avoid Grip (16.2%) and False Attack (15.0%), and were Non-combativity (40.3%), Avoid Grip (19.5%) and False Attack (16.4%) for males. The largest number of penalties in females were in −52 kg (16.7%), −57 kg (15.9%) and +78 kg (15.2%) categories, while in males, they were −66 kg (17.2%), −73 kg (16.1%) and −90 kg (15.6%). Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the leading penalties in all weight categories for both genders on WC to be Non-combativity, Avoid Grip and False Attack. Additionally, a new trend in heavyweight athletes with a lower number of penalties is noted. The obtained results indicate the need to pay more attention to working with competitors of all ages and genders on education to implement tactical variants, forms and means to use penalties to athletes’ advantage, especially after a possible rule change and to lower the occurrence of injuries.Peer reviewe

Acciones prohibidas en campeonatos mundiales de judo: diferencias entre atletas ganadores y no ganadores

[ES] Las sanciones en judo son consecuencia de acciones negativas que no se ajustan al reglamento de competición. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias en las penalizaciones entre competidores de judo ganadores y no ganadores. Se evaluaron un total de 1799 combates (hombres=1133 y mujeres=666) en los que hubo penalización, de los Campeonatos Mundiales de Judo de 2017, 2018 y 2019.Las variables se expresaron como proporciones y se compararon con la prueba de Chi-Cuadrado con pruebas Z por pares. La ratio de recibir el primer y segundo shido fue la misma en hombres y mujeres (p>.05), pero fue diferente según las categorías de peso (p.05), la ratio de acciones prohibidas en el primer y segundo shido difirió (p.05), but it wasdifferent for weight categories (p.05), the ratio of forbidden actions in the first and secondshido differed (p.05), mas foi diferente para as categorias de peso (p.05), mais a proporção de ações proibidas no primeiro eno segundo shido diferiu (p<.05).A diferençan as proporções de penalizações dos atletas vencedores en ãovencedores, especialmente a diferença nas ações proibidas que levam ao primeiro e segundo shido, pode refletir algumas diferenças táticas. Os resultados desta investigação podem contribuir significativamente para a compreensão do significado das penalizações no judo, tanto no treino, como na competição, bem como para o estudo maisa profundado do judo

The Effects of Judo Rule changes on Contestants' Performance: Paris Grand Slam Case Study

The International Judo Federation (IJF) has changed the rules many times to protect athletes, increasethe intensity of the contest, provide equal opportunities for all athletes, and encourage greater media coverage. This research aims to determine the effects of changes in judo rules on contestants' performance via time, techniques, penaltydistribution and attack efficiency indexes at the Paris Grand Slam between 2020 and 2022. The sample is comprised of (n=295) male fights from Paris GS 2020 and (n=152) female fights from Paris GS 2022, as well as (n=427) femalefights from Paris GS 2020 and (n=175) male fights from Paris GS 2022 encompassing contestants in all seven weight categories for each gender. The results have shown some specific differences in female and male senior contestantsin individual penalties and in senior contestants' technique subgroups. However, regarding the overall attack index, no specific effects were discovered, as well as the attacking efficiency index in individual throwing and ground techniques. For senior female contestants, yoko shiho gatame, uchi mata and ōuchi gari have remained the top three most efficienttechniques but exhibited different efficiency indexes in the two competitions. In senior male contestants, the most successful techniques in Paris GS 2020 were seoi nage, sumi otoshi and uchi mata, while in Paris GS 2022 they were sodetsurikomi goshi, ōuchi gari and uchi mata. Based on the results, one can notice specific effects on contestants' performances, indicating that coaches and contestants must adapt quickly to the new rules during training and competitions.Peer reviewe