Towards a Human-Centric Digital Twin for Human–Machine Collaboration:A Review on Enabling Technologies and Methods

With the intent to further increase production efficiency while making human the centre of the processes, human-centric manufacturing focuses on concepts such as digital twins and human–machine collaboration. This paper presents enabling technologies and methods to facilitate the creation of human-centric applications powered by digital twins, also from the perspective of Industry 5.0. It analyses and reviews the state of relevant information resources about digital twins for human–machine applications with an emphasis on the human perspective, but also on their collaborated relationship and the possibilities of their applications. Finally, it presents the results of the review and expected future works of research in this area

Cloud-based control of industrial cyber-physical systems

This paper presents an implementation of a control algorithm to a cloud system. The motivation is that cloud implementations of low-level systems in the production industry are gradually becoming more common. Microsoft Azure platform is utilized for the cloud-based control and the case is tested using a customized laboratory model, which can be presented as an agent in a typical production system. The model offers the regulation of a ball on an inclined surface and uses two asynchronous motors connected to frequency converters to control the position of the ball. These frequency converters are controlled by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) services and Azure IoT Hub were selected to be used with the cloud-based control system. Experimental results have shown our solution can control the system with sampling period equal or higher than 100ms. The latency of WCF service is at around 100ms and latency of Azure IoT Hub is at around 1000ms, so the prediction algorithms could be implemented in the cloud for the latter. This research also shows the feasibility of migrating machine learning algorithms that demand high computing power to the cloud to reduce the computing burden on the local control units

Cloud-based control of industrial cyber-physical systems

This paper presents an implementation of a control algorithm to a cloud system. The motivation is that cloud implementations of low-level systems in the production industry are gradually becoming more common. Microsoft Azure platform is utilized for the cloud-based control and the case is tested using a customized laboratory model, which can be presented as an agent in a typical production system. The model offers the regulation of a ball on an inclined surface and uses two asynchronous motors connected to frequency converters to control the position of the ball. These frequency converters are controlled by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) services and Azure IoT Hub were selected to be used with the cloud-based control system. Experimental results have shown our solution can control the system with sampling period equal or higher than 100ms. The latency of WCF service is at around 100ms and latency of Azure IoT Hub is at around 1000ms, so the prediction algorithms could be implemented in the cloud for the latter. This research also shows the feasibility of migrating machine learning algorithms that demand high computing power to the cloud to reduce the computing burden on the local control units

Federated Learning for Edge Computing: A Survey

New technologies bring opportunities to deploy AI and machine learning to the edge of the network, allowing edge devices to train simple models that can then be deployed in practice. Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning technique to create a global model by learning from multiple decentralized edge clients. Although FL methods offer several advantages, including scalability and data privacy, they also introduce some risks and drawbacks in terms of computational complexity in the case of heterogeneous devices. Internet of Things (IoT) devices may have limited computing resources, poorer connection quality, or may use different operating systems. This paper provides an overview of the methods used in FL with a focus on edge devices with limited computational resources. This paper also presents FL frameworks that are currently popular and that provide communication between clients and servers. In this context, various topics are described, which include contributions and trends in the literature. This includes basic models and designs of system architecture, possibilities of application in practice, privacy and security, and resource management. Challenges related to the computational requirements of edge devices such as hardware heterogeneity, communication overload or limited resources of devices are discusse