The Use of Computers for Controlling Electricity Flows in Sweden, 19501980

Part 2: Computerizing Public Sector Industries International audience An important application of computers from the 1950s and onwards has been for designing and operating complex infrastructural systems like air traffic, telephony, railways, and electricity. This paper tells the story about how computers from the 1950s and onwards became an important tool for designing and operating the Swedish power grid. It describes two phases of this development. In the 1950s and 1960s, computers were used for making complicated calculations for designing power grids in a reliable way and optimizing the use of the different power plants. In a second phase starting in the late 1960s, computer systems were developed for real time monitoring supporting human control of the power grid. The paper analyzes by whom and for what purposes computers became tools for controlling electricity flows. In the conclusion, it also discusses the wider implications of computers for the development of the Swedish power system. Document type: Part of book or chapter of boo

Networking Europe

The paper explores processes of transnational network building in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. The first section reviews several relevant literatures. It concludes that historiographies of Europe often recognize the pivotal importance of transnational network building, but fail to analyse network developments as well as their entanglement with wider historical processes. Specialized infrastructure studies exist in economic and technological history, but have a distinct (sub)national focus. The networking of Europe has not been investigated. The second section presents a preliminary narrative of transnational network building in the 19th and 20th century. It highlights the relationship between network building and political events in different eras, as well as different types of ambiguities or tensions. The conclusion suggests a number of topics for further research

Increase of beta-Lactam-Resistant Invasive Haemophilus influenzae in Sweden, 1997 to 2010

The proportions of Haemophilus influenzae resistant to ampicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics have been low in Sweden compared to other countries in the Western world. However, a near-doubled proportion of nasopharyngeal Swedish H. influenzae isolates with resistance to beta-lactams has been observed in the last decade. In the present study, the epidemiology and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance of H. influenzae isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid in southern Sweden from 1997 to 2010 (n = 465) were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion, and isolates with resistance to any tested beta-lactam were further analyzed in detail. We identified a significantly increased (P = 0.03) proportion of beta-lactam-resistant invasive H. influenzae during the study period, which was mainly attributed to a significant recent increase of beta-lactamase-negative beta-lactam-resistant isolates (P = 0.04). Furthermore, invasive beta-lactamase-negative beta-lactam-resistant H. influenzae isolates from 2007 and onwards were found in higher proportions than the corresponding proportions of nasopharyngeal isolates in a national survey. Multiple-locus sequence typing (MIST) of this group of isolates did not completely separate isolates with different resistance phenotypes. However, one cluster of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) isolates was identified, and it included isolates from all geographical areas. A truncated variant of a beta-lactamase gene with a promoter deletion, bla(TEM-1)-P Delta dominated among the beta-lactamase-positive H. influenzae isolates. Our results show that the proportions of beta-lactam-resistant invasive H. influenzae have increased in Sweden in the last decade

Sweden Short Country Report : Report for the HoNEST project

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Sweden and Chernobyl : Disclosing the disaster, receiving much fallout, but not changing energy policy

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Sweden and Chernobyl : Disclosing the disaster, receiving much fallout, but not changing energy policy

QC 20190403</p

Comment furent surmontés les obstacles à la collaboration internationale : les échanges d’énergie électrique entre les pays du Nord : Danemark, Finlande, Norvège et Suède

Kaijser Arne. Comment furent surmontés les obstacles à la collaboration internationale : les échanges d’énergie électrique entre les pays du Nord : Danemark, Finlande, Norvège et Suède. In: Bulletin d'histoire de l'électricité, n°14-15, décembre- juin 1989. pp. 235-236

City lights: the establishment of the first Swedish gas-works

The 19th century saw the successive introduction of gas, oil and electricity. These are all high-value energy carriers that can be used for essentially all purposes from lighting to domestic heating. Their first applications were within the field of lighting, partly because this was the application that offered the greatest potential for charging the most for each kwh delivered. These three energy carriers then subsequently found their way to other energy markets, where prices and quality requirements were lower. The introduction of new, high-value energy carriers to an energy market has generally given rise to a phase of intensive competition between traditional and new energy systems. The paper describes two of these struggles in Sweden - for the lighting market and for the cooking market - with particular emphasis on various means of competition employed by their representatives. One can speak of the "five P's": (technical) performance, pricing, propaganda, political power and paragraphs. The paper ends with a short discussion of the question of competition and monopolies in energy markets.Le XIXème siècle a connu la naissance successive du gaz, du pétrole et de l'électricité. Ce sont des transporteurs d'énergie de grande valeur qui sont utilisés pour tous les usages, depuis l'éclairage jusqu'au chauffage domestique. Leurs premières applications se sont portées sur l'éclairage, en partie grâce à son meilleur potentiel offert dans la charge de transmission de Kwh. Ces trois transporteurs d'énergie trouvèrent par la suite d'autres marchés d'énergie où les exigences de prix et de qualité étaient moindre. L'introduction de nouveaux transporteurs d'énergie de haute qualité sur le marché donna naissance à une période d'intense concurrence entre les réseaux d'énergie nouveaux et traditionnels. Cet article décrit deux de ces luttes en Suède - pour le marché de l'éclairage et celui de la cuisinière - en mettant l'accent sur les divers moyens de compétition utilisés par les hommes politiques. On peut citer les 5 "P": performance (technique), le prix, la propagande, le pouvoir politique et les paragraphes. L'auteur conclut sur le débat lié à la concurrence et aux monopoles au sein des marchés d'énergie.Kaijser Arne. City lights: the establishment of the first Swedish gas-works. In: Flux, n°1, 1990. pp. 77-83

Des réseaux locaux aux systèmes nationaux : une comparaison entre la naissance de l’électricité et celle de la téléphonie en Suède

Kaijser Arne. Des réseaux locaux aux systèmes nationaux : une comparaison entre la naissance de l’électricité et celle de la téléphonie en Suède. In: Bulletin d'histoire de l'électricité, n°8, décembre 1986. p. 225

The rise and fall of anti-nuclear movements : The case of Sweden

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