3-(2-Methyl-2-nitro­prop­yl)-1H-indole

In the title compound, C12H14N2O2, the indole ring is essentially planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0136 Å. In the crystal, pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into inversion dimers.

N-(4-Fluoro­phen­yl)-2,2-dimethyl­propan­amide

The crystal packing in the title compound, C11H14FNO, features N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in chains of mol­ecules running parallel to the c axis. The dihedral angle between the ring and the amide group is 39.1 (3)°

Can onshore spot market progress influence offshore N.D.F. market development for the C.N.Y?

This study utilises a time-varying wavelet analysis to examine the relationship between the onshore spot market and the offshore non-deliverable forward (N.D.F.) market of the Chinese Yuan (C.N.Y.). Given the presence of structural changes in the two markets, we did not find any stable causality during the sample period. However, in some sub-samples, we found that there is a strong nonlinear causal relationship running from the onshore spot market to the offshore N.D.F. market. Ties between the two markets are closer after the widening of the onshore trading band, first in April 2012, second in March 2014 and again in August 2015. The onshore spot market is heavily influenced by interventions by the People’s Bank of China (P.B.C.). These findings imply that offshore N.D.F. market development is not divorced from onshore development, as developments in the onshore spot market influence the offshore N.D.F. market. The results show that the exchange rate markets for the C.N.Y. are not efficient. Thus, to successfully internationalise the C.N.Y., financial expansion of the onshore spot market should keep pace with the growing offshore N.D.F. market to minimise destabilisation of the C.N.Y

Spindle oscillations are generated in the dorsal thalamus and modulated by the thalamic reticular nucleus

Spindle waves occur during the early stage of slow wave sleep and are thought to arise in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), causing inhibitory postsynaptic potential spindle-like oscillations in the dorsal thalamus that are propagated to the cortex. We have found that thalamocortical neurons exhibit membrane oscillations that have spindle frequencies, consist of excitatory postsynaptic potentials, and co-occur with electroencephalographic spindles. TRN lesioning prolonged oscillations in the medial geniculate body (MGB) and auditory cortex (AC). Injection of GABA~A~ antagonist into the MGB decreased oscillation frequency, while injection of GABA~B~ antagonist increased spindle oscillations in the MGB and cortex. Thus, spindles originate in the dorsal thalamus and TRN inhibitory inputs modulate this process, with fast inhibition facilitating the internal frequency and slow inhibition limiting spindle occurrence

Theory and experiments on evaporating sessile drops of binary liquid mixtures

Theoretical and experimental studies are performed to determine the size, history and lifetime of evaporating sessile drops of binary liquid mixtures. The minimum and maximum drop lifetimes (equivalent to the maximum and minimum vaporization rates, respectively) occur at the azeotropic compositions of the positive and negative azeotropes, respectively. The mechanisms leading to the extremum drop lifetime are due to the changes in composition of the more volatile component during the vaporization process. This composition change tends to suppress vaporization. A new dimensionless parameter is found to determine the intensity of vaporization of a binary liquid drop. Theoretical predictions of the drop size, history and lifetime agree satisfactorily with experimental results.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27874/1/0000288.pd

Two-photon-absorption-based OSNR monitor for NRZ-PSK transmission systems

A two-photon absorption microcavity-based technique for monitoring in-band optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) in nonreturn-to-zero phase-shift-keying systems is presented. Experiments using a 10-Gb/s differential phase-shift-keying system showed that accurate measurements ( 1 dB) were possible for OSNRs in excess of 20 dB

Extracting the phase information from atomic memory by intensity correlation measurement

We demonstrate experimentally controlled storage and retrieval of the optical phase information in a higher-order interference scheme based on Raman process in 87Rb atomic vapor cells. An interference pattern is observed in intensity correlation measurement between the write Stokes field and the delayed read Stokes field as the phase of the Raman write field is scanned. This result implies that the phase information of the Raman write field can be written into the atomic spin wave via Raman process in a high gain regime and subsequently read out via a spin-wave enhanced Raman process, thus achieving optical storage of phase information. This technique should find applications in optical phase image storage, holography and information processing