Test of Perfomance ERK Hybrid Dryer with Biomass Furnace as Additional Heating System for Nutmeg Seed (Myristica SP.) Drying

Conventional drying depend on the weather. It was caused agricultural product damaged, and moldy attack. So we need hybrid dryer with a source of radiation and solar biomass to continuous drying and can be controlled.The aims of this research is test performance of ERK hybrid dryer to drying the nutmeg seed during the drying process. Experiments were conducted to determine the distribution of temperature in the dryer in condition with no material and material conditions. Input of energy derived from biomass combustion in the furnace (evening) and combination of biomass and radiation (during the day). Measurements of temperature and RH using a thermocouple CC and alcohol thermometer. Temperature and RH to be measured include temperature and RH in dryer with several measurement points representing the up, middle , bottom and inlet temperature, outlet temperature and ambient temperature measurements at intervals of 30 minutes. The results showed average temperature ranges between 42 ° C - 51 ° C and RH ranged between 50.96 % -55.65 % . Time of drying is used to dry nutmeg from the initial moisture content from 80.72 % wb to 9.67 % wb is 52 hours with an average drying rate is 7.8 % db / hour . The total energy used to heat and vaporize materials,water that is 290 499.9 kJ. Efficiency of drying system 8.63% and energy of drying required to water evaporated is 28520.62 kJ / kg. The result quality of product obtained color of nutmeg generally more uniform

Localization of <i>A</i>. <i>actinomycetemcomitans</i> within the biofilms.

<p>(A) <i>A</i>. <i>actinomycetemcomitans</i> cells were stained by fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization using Cy3-labelled 16 S rRNA oligonucleotide probe Act 639 (red), (B) <i>A</i>. <i>actinomycetemcomitans</i> cells (red) and rest of the biofilm cells was counter stained with a mixture of YoPro-1 iodide and Sytox Green (green). Scale bar length: 20 μm.</p

Number of label-free quantified proteins per species between two biofilm groups.

<p>In comparing the 11-species versus the 10-species biofilm, the proteins are defined as up-regulated, un-regulated or down-regulated. A significant (<i>p</i><0.05) difference of 2-fold in protein levels was defined as “regulation”.</p><p>Number of label-free quantified proteins per species between two biofilm groups.</p

Quality control of the label-free quantitation data.

<p>Squared Pearson correlation coefficients (R²) of integrated peptide feature intensities are displayed for the comparisons within biological triplicates per biofilm group, and between the two biofilm groups. The linear regressions of the integrated peptide feature intensities of different conditions are indicated in red, whereas the dashed lines correspond to direct proportionality.</p

Annotation of overall regulated bacterial protein functions by enrichment of Gene Ontology (GO) terms.

<p>Based on the classifications of GO annotation, the overall bacterial functions were categorized into biological process, molecular function, and cellular component, and displayed in pie chart format. The numbers of GO terms for each of the three categories are shown, whereas the proportion of each specific subcategory is also provided. Subcategories with GO terms less than 1% are classified as “other”.</p

Quantitative composition of the 11-species or 10-species biofilm after 64 h cultivation.

<p>1:Quantification was performed used qPCR for each species. The data is expressed as the bacterial mean counts ± standard deviation (SD) from triplicate biofilm cultures. No statistical differences (P ≤ 0.01) of between the groups were found within the same species by student t-test.</p><p>Quantitative composition of the 11-species or 10-species biofilm after 64 h cultivation.</p

Number of uniquely identified and overlapping proteins per species in two biofilm groups.

<p>Number of uniquely identified and overlapping proteins per species in two biofilm groups.</p

Apoptosis and DNA fragmentation induced by compound 1b on HeLa and MCF-7 cells.

<p>(A) Cell morphology observation under a phase contrast microscopy after incubation with medium or 1.5 μM of compound <b>1b</b> for 24 h. (B) Cellular morphologic observation under a fluorescence microscopy by AO-EB staining. (C) DNA fragmentation observation. (Scale bar = 10 μm)</p

Mitochondrial potential alternation of HeLa and MCF-7 cells by compound 1b.

<p>After treatment with 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 μM of <b>1b</b> for 24h, the cells were stained with 5g/L Rhodamine 123. Fluorescent density reflected mitochondrial transmembrane potential was determined by flow cytometric analysis. Values were mean±SD of 3 separate experiments.</p

Inhibitory and apoptosis effects of compound 1b on cell proliferation in Hela and MCF-7 cells.

<p>(A) Inhibitory effects of compounds <b>1b</b>. The cells were treated with various doses of <b>1b</b> for 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 h. The inhibitory ratio was measured by MTT assay. (B) Apoptosis effects of compound <b>1b</b>. The cells were cultured with 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 μM <b>1b</b> for 24 h, stained with PI at 4°C for 30 min, and measured by flow cytometry after collection. The percentage of cells in different phases of the cell cycle was represented by a bar diagram. All of the values were mean±SD of 3 separate experiments.</p