"Outfow occlusion" para parada circulatória em cães

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of producing circulatory arrest by occlusion of the pulmonary trunk as an alternative to the venous inflow occlusion through the left hemithorax. Eight healthy mongrel dogs were divided in two groups. Group I underwent 4 minutes of outflow occlusion and Group II was submitted to 8 minutes of circulatory arrest. Outflow occlusion was performed through left thoracotomy and pericardiotomy by passing a Rumel tourniquet around the pulmonary trunk. Physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, blood gas analyses, hemodynamic, and oxygen transport variables were obtained before and after the procedure. The dogs from Group I did not have any clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, or hemo-dynamic abnormalities after anesthetic recover. In the Group II, only one dog survived, which had no clinical, electrocardiographic, or echocardiographic abnormalities. In this last dog, just after releasing the occlusion, it was detected increases in the following parameters: heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (SAP; DAP; MAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), systolic index (SI), cardiac index (CI), left and right ventricular stroke work (LVSW; RVSW), oxygen delivery index (DO2), oxygen consumption index (VO2), and oxygen extraction (O2 ext). Moreover, the oxygen content of arterial and mixed venous blood (CaO2; CvO2), and the arterial and mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2; PvO2) were decreased 5 minutes after circulatory arrest. Outflow occlusion is a feasible surgical procedure for period of 4 minutes of circulatory arrest.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a possibilidade de se produzir uma parada circulatória pela oclusão do tronco pulmonar, como alternativa ao "inflow occlusion", pelo hemitórax esquerdo. Oito cães sem raça definida foram divididos em dois grupos. O Grupo I foi submetido a quatro minutos de parada circulatória e o Grupo II, a 8 minutos de parada. Realizou-se o "outflow occlusion" por meio de toracotomia intercostal esquerda e pericardiotomia, passando-se um torniquete de Rumel ao redor do tronco pulmonar. Foram realizados exame físico, eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia, hemogasometria, avaliação hemodinâmica e cálculo de variáveis de transporte de oxigênio, antes e após o procedimento. Os cães do Grupo I não sofreram alterações clínicas, eletrocardiográficas, ecocardiográficas e hemodinâmicas após a recuperação anestésica. No Grupo II, apenas um animal sobreviveu, sem apresentar alterações clínicas, eletrocardiográficas e ecocardiográficas. Neste cão, após a liberação do torniquete, houve aumento nas seguintes variáveis: freqüência cardíaca, pressões arteriais sistólica, média e diastólica, pressão arterial pulmonar, pressão da artéria pulmonar ocluída, pressão venosa central, débito cardíaco, índice sistólico, índice cardíaco, trabalho ventricular esquerdo e direito, índice de transporte de oxigênio, índice de consumo de oxigênio e taxa de extração de oxigênio. O conteúdo de oxigênio arterial e venoso misto e a pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial e venosa mista diminuíram, cinco minutos após a parada circulatória. Concluiu-se que o "outflow occlusion" é um procedimento viável para a realização de parada circulatória por um período de quatro minutos.Fundação para o Amparo da Pesquisa no Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Effect of hypertonic saline treatment on the inflammatory response after hydrochloric acid-induced lung injury in pigs

OBJECTIVES: Hypertonic saline has been proposed to modulate the inflammatory cascade in certain experimental conditions, including pulmonary inflammation caused by inhaled gastric contents. The present study aimed to assess the potential anti-inflammatory effects of administering a single intravenous dose of 7.5% hypertonic saline in an experimental model of acute lung injury induced by hydrochloric acid. METHODS: Thirty-two pigs were anesthetized and randomly allocated into the following four groups: Sham, which received anesthesia and were observed; HS, which received intravenous 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (4 ml/kg); acute lung injury, which were subjected to acute lung injury with intratracheal hydrochloric acid; and acute lung injury + hypertonic saline, which were subjected to acute lung injury with hydrochloric acid and treated with hypertonic saline. Hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters were recorded over four hours. Subsequently, bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected at the end of the observation period to measure cytokine levels using an oxidative burst analysis, and lung tissue was collected for a histological analysis. RESULTS: Hydrochloric acid instillation caused marked changes in respiratory mechanics as well as blood gas and lung parenchyma parameters. Despite the absence of a significant difference between the acute lung injury and acute lung injury + hypertonic saline groups, the acute lung injury animals presented higher neutrophil and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage analysis. The histopathological analysis revealed pulmonary edema, congestion and alveolar collapse in both groups; however, the differences between groups were not significant. Despite the lower cytokine and neutrophil levels observed in the acute lung injury + hypertonic saline group, significant differences were not observed among the treated and non-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertonic saline infusion after intratracheal hydrochloric acid instillation does not have an effect on inflammatory biomarkers or respiratory gas exchange

Comparison of preoperative tramadol and pethidine on postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud A variety of analgesic agents are available, and which one can be used in dogs and cats is a highly controversial issue, existing however a fear in the use of opiates due to possible adverse effects that these drugs can cause. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect provided by the administration of tramadol or pethidine on early postoperative pain of cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy in a double-blind prospective study. Fourty-two animals were randomly assigned into three groups. Pet received pethidine (6 mg/kg), Tra 2 received tramadol (2 mg/kg) and Tra 4 received tramadol (4 mg/kg); all intramuscularly and associated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg). The efficacy of each analgesic regimen was evaluated prior to surgery (baseline - TBL), during surgery and 1, 3 and 6 hours after extubation with subjective pain scale, physiologic parameters, serum concentrations of glucose, cortisol and IL-6.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Changes in cardiovascular system were not clinically relevant. There were no significant differences in pain scores (P > 0.05) during the study, although the number of rescue analgesia was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at Pet group (5/14) than Tra 4 group (0/14), whereas in Tra 2, two animals (2/14) required additional analgesia. The serum cortisol values of Pet group were significantly higher at T1h T3h (P < 0.05) and T6h (P < 0.01) when compared to baseline (induction), also it was noticed a significant difference among the groups at T6h (Pet values were higher than Tra 2 and Tra 4; P < 0.05).\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud Tramadol provided adequate analgesia and it was more effective than pethidine to at least six hours for the studied animals. At the higher dose (4 mg/kg) tramadol is probably more effective, since rescue analgesia was not necessary. No significant changes were observed physiological parameter that could contraindicate the use of these opioid in described doses, for the feline species.The present study was supported by a grant from Fundação de Amparo à\ud Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP (2010/18900-0)

Evaluation of the effects of methadone and tramadol on postoperative analgesia and serum interleukin-6 in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery

Background\ud Acute postsurgical pain is of great interest due to potential risk of becoming chronic if not treated properly, worsening patient’s recovery and quality of life. Twenty-eight dogs with ruptured cruciate ligaments were divided into three groups that received intramuscular injections of 4 mg/kg of tramadol (TRA), 0.5 mg/kg of methadone (MET0.5), or 0.7 mg/kg of methadone (MET0.7). Physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure) were evaluated at specified times: baseline (TBL), 1 (T1), 2 (T2), 4 (T4), 6 (T6), and 24 (T24) hours after premedication. Pain scores were described by visual analogue scale (VAS), modified Glasgow Composite, and Colorado University Acute Pain scales. Blood samples for measurement of interleukin (IL)-6 were collected at TBL, T1, T6, and T24. This was a prospective, randomised investigation to evaluate the efficacy of tramadol and methadone as premedications in dogs undergoing osteotomies.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud There were no statistically significant differences between groups with respect to age, weight, gender, surgery time, and time to extubation. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure values were maintained within acceptable ranges, and a reduction was observed at T2 in MET0.5 and MET0.7 compared with TBL. Increases in VAS scores were observed in TRA at T4 compared with TBL, T1, and T24 and between T1 and T6 (p < 0.001). In MET0.5, there was significant increase in VAS score at T4 compared with T1 (p < 0.001). TRA and MET0.5 showed significantly higher mean ± SD VAS scores (3.4 ± 2.5 and 2.5 ± 2.6, respectively) than MET0.7 (1.1 ± 1.5) at T4 (p < 0.001). TRA showed greater demand of rescue analgesia (four animals in T4 and two in T6) (p < 0.037). There were no statistically significant differences in sedation scores, Colorado Scale scores, or interleukin levels between groups and time points.\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud Methadone given as premedication in doses of 0.7 mg/kg was better at controlling pain compared with lower doses and tramadol. However, dosage increases, administered as rescue analgesia, promoted adequate pain control even in tramadol group. Influence of these analgesics on IL-6 release could not be demonstrated, but significant levels were not found.FAPESP [2007/55935-3]PROAPPRPG-USPCape

Cytokine levels evaluation during acute isovolemic anemia

Trabalho apresentado ao 30º International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 2010, Bruxelas

Inflammatory response during acute normovolemic hemodilution

Introdução: A Hemodiluição normovolêmica Aguda (HNA) envolve a retirada do sangue total e concomitante infusão de fluidos de reposição volêmica para manutenção da normovolemia. É uma estratégia que restringe a transfusão de sangue e evita a transmissão de doenças, imunossupressão e outras complicações associadas à transfusão sanguínea. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos de diversos fluidos na resposta inflamatória durante o procedimento de HNA. Métodos: Foram utilizados 28 suínos (n=28; 7/grupo) randomizados nos seguinte grupos: Controle, grupo anestesiado sem HNA; HNA + Amido, os animais foram submetidos a HNA sendo a reposição volêmica realizada com amido hidroxietílico 6% (130/0,4) na taxa de 1 ml de fluido para 1 ml de sangue retirado; HNA + NaCl, animais submetidos a HNA com reposição volêmica realizada com solução de cloerto de sódio 0,9% na proporção de 3:1; HNA + GEL, procedimento de HNA realizado com infusão da gelatina fluida modificada na taxa de 1:1. Os animais foram hemodiluídos durante 30 minutos para o hematócrito de 15%. Foram mensurados os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e foram coletados sangue para realização da hemogasometria e determinação dos níveis plasmáticos de IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-6 e IL-10, além do burst oxidativo de neutrófilos e monócitos circulantes. O lavado broncoalveolar foi coletado para mensuração dos níveis da IL-8 e do burst oxidativo de células pulmonares. O tecido pulmonar foi coletado para análise histológica e para imunoistoquímica para detecção da expressão de COX-2 e Eselectina. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de provas paramétricas como a análise de variância com medidas repetidas (ANOVA), seguido do teste de Tukey- Kramer e de provas não paramétricas, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O grau de significância estabelecido foi de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: Os principais resultados deste estudo demonstraram que os animais hemodiluídos tanto com gelatina, como solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9% apresentaram resposta inflamatória mais pronunciada quando comparado aos outros grupos, traduzida no aumento de citocinas (TNF-, IL-6 e IL-10), na expressão de COX-2 e E-selectina no tecido pulmonar, além da observação de edema pulmonar, congestão e colapso alveolar. Apesar destes fatos, a resposta inflamatória estudada no sangue foi considerada de baixa magnitude. Conclusão: Durante a HNA, tanto a gelatina quanto a solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9% promove resposta inflamatória mais intensa quando comparada ao amido hidroxietílico 6%Background: Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) involves intentional withdrawal of the whole blood with concurrent infusion of fluids to maintain normovolemia. ANH avoids blood transfusion and deleterious effects related with transfusion. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of diverse fluids on the inflammatory response during ANH. Methods: Twenty-eight pigs (n=28; 7/group) were randomized as follows: (Control) control group without ANH; (ANH + HES) ANH with 6% hydroxyethyl starch at a ratio of 1:1; (ANH + NS) ANH with normal saline at a ratio of 3:1; (ANH + GEL) ANH with gelatin 1:1. Animals were hemodiluted to a hematocrit of 15% in 30 min. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded, and blood samples were collected to determine plasma levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, IL-10, as well as gas analysis. IL-8 was measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Neutrophil and macrophage oxidative burst activity were determined in the peripheral blood and BALF. Histophatological and immunohistochemistry to COX-2 and E-selectin expression were performed with the lung tissue. Data were submitted to analysis of Variance for repeated measures followed by the Tukey-Kramer test. To immunohistochemistry and histophatological scores the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the significance. The p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The principal findings of this investigation showed that animals hemodiluted with GEL and NS had a more pronounced inflammatory response when compared to those hemodiluted with HES. The animals in the GEL and NS groups showed an increase in cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-10), a strong expression of COX-2 and Eselectin in the lung tissue and pulmonary edema, congestion and alveoli collapse. However, the magnitude of this response was quite small showing that ANH does not substantially activate the inflammatory system. Conclusion: During ANH, GEL and NS but not HES could elicit an inflammatory response besides the effective plasma volume therap

Comparison of preoperative tramadol and pethidine on postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Abstract Background A variety of analgesic agents are available, and which one can be used in dogs and cats is a highly controversial issue, existing however a fear in the use of opiates due to possible adverse effects that these drugs can cause. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect provided by the administration of tramadol or pethidine on early postoperative pain of cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy in a double-blind prospective study. Fourty-two animals were randomly assigned into three groups. Pet received pethidine (6 mg/kg), Tra 2 received tramadol (2 mg/kg) and Tra 4 received tramadol (4 mg/kg); all intramuscularly and associated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg). The efficacy of each analgesic regimen was evaluated prior to surgery (baseline - TBL), during surgery and 1, 3 and 6 hours after extubation with subjective pain scale, physiologic parameters, serum concentrations of glucose, cortisol and IL-6. Results Changes in cardiovascular system were not clinically relevant. There were no significant differences in pain scores (P > 0.05) during the study, although the number of rescue analgesia was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at Pet group (5/14) than Tra 4 group (0/14), whereas in Tra 2, two animals (2/14) required additional analgesia. The serum cortisol values of Pet group were significantly higher at T1h T3h (P < 0.05) and T6h (P < 0.01) when compared to baseline (induction), also it was noticed a significant difference among the groups at T6h (Pet values were higher than Tra 2 and Tra 4; P < 0.05). Conclusions Tramadol provided adequate analgesia and it was more effective than pethidine to at least six hours for the studied animals. At the higher dose (4 mg/kg) tramadol is probably more effective, since rescue analgesia was not necessary. No significant changes were observed physiological parameter that could contraindicate the use of these opioid in described doses, for the feline species

Comparison of the effects of tramadol, codeine, and ketoprofen alone or in combination on postoperative pain and on concentrations of blood glucose, serum cortisol, and serum interleukin-6 in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy

Objective-To compare analgesic effects of tramadol, codeine, and ketoprofen administered alone and in combination and their effects on concentrations of blood glucose, serum cortisol, and serum interleukin (IL)-6 in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy. Animals-42 dogs with oral neoplasms. Procedures-30 minutes before the end of surgery, dogs received SC injections of tramadol (2 mg/kg), codeine (2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (2 mg/kg), tramadol + ketoprofen, or codeine + ketoprofen (at the aforementioned dosages). Physiologic variables, analgesia, and sedation were measured before (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 24 hours after surgery. Blood glucose, serum cortisol, and serum IL-6 concentrations were measured 1, 3, 5, and 24 hours after administration of analgesics. Results-All treatments provided adequate postoperative analgesia. Significant increases in mean +/- SD blood glucose concentrations were detected in dogs receiving tramadol (96 +/- 14 mg/dL), codeine (120 +/- 66 mg/dL and 96 +/- 21 mg/dL), ketoprofen (105 +/- 22 mg/dL), and codeine + ketoprofen (104 +/- 16 mg/dL) at 5, 1 and 3, 5, and 3 hours after analgesic administration, respectively, compared with preoperative (baseline) values. There were no significant changes in physiologic variables, serum IL-6 concentrations, or serum cortisol concentrations. Dogs administered codeine + ketoprofen had light but significant sedation at 4, 5, and 24 hours. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Opioids alone or in combination with an NSAID promoted analgesia without adverse effects during the 24-hour postoperative period in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy for removal of oral neoplasms. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1019-1026)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo-FAPESP[05/59109-5]Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-CAPE