Level of satisfaction among primary health care workers in Kosovo

Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the extent and selected corelates of work satisfaction among primary healthcare professionals in Kosovo.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected regions of Kosovo during the period May-June 2022 including a representative sample of 500 primary healthcare workers (209 men and 291 women; overall mean age: 42.0±12.3 years). A structured 9-item questionnaire was administered to all participants aiming at assessing the level of satisfaction among primary healthcare workers (each item ranging from 1 [high] to 5 [low]). A summary score was calculated for all 9 items related to satisfaction level ranging from 9 (the highest satisfaction level) to 45 (the lowest satisfaction level). Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association of satisfaction level (dichotomized into “satisfied” vs. “unsatisfied”, based on median value of the summary score) with selected demographic factors and work characteristics of primary healthcare workers.Results: Mean summary score of the 9 items related to the satisfaction level of primary healthcare workers was about 23±5; median score was 23 (interquartile range: 20-26). In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, the level of satisfaction was not significantly related to any demographic factor, but positively associated with the years of working experience of primary healthcare workers [OR(for 1 year increment in the work experience)=1.03, 95%CI=1.00-1.05] Conclusion: The evidence from this study conducted in Kosovo indicates no significant relationships of the level of satisfaction with demographic factors of primary healthcare workers, but a strong association with their working experience. Policymakers in Kosovo and in other countries should be aware of the importance of working conditions and working environment in order to gradually increase the level of satisfaction of the staff, which is a basic prerequisite for quality improvement of service delivery at primary healthcare level

Level of satisfaction and socio-demographic correlates among users of primary health care services in Kosovo

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the level and socio-demographic correlates of satisfaction with services among adult primary health care users in Kosovo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kosovo during the period May-June 2022 including a representative sample of 510 adult users (238 men and 272 women) of primary health care services in Kosovo (mean age: 44.6±19.2 years). In addition to socio-demographic data, a structured 23-item questionnaire aiming at assessing the level of satisfaction with primary health care services was administered to all participants (each item ranging from 1 [high] to 5 [low]). A summary score was calculated for all 23 items related to satisfaction level ranging from 23 (the highest satisfaction level) to 115 (the lowest satisfaction level). General linear model was used to assess the association between the summary score of satisfaction level with primary health care services and socio-demographic factors of study participants.   Results: Mean summary score of the 23 items related to the satisfaction level with primary health care services was 49.8±13.0; median score was 49 (interquartile range: 41-57). In multivariable-adjusted models, the level of satisfaction with primary health care services was significantly higher among participants with a lower educational attainment, individuals with e lower income level, and ethnic Albanian participants. Conclusion: This study identified important socio-demographic correlates of the level of satisfaction with primary health care services in the adult population of Kosovo. Findings from this study should raise the awareness of policymakers and decision-makers in Kosovo and elsewhere in order to improve the quality of primary health care services.   &nbsp

Level of satisfaction and socio-demographic correlates among users of primary health care services in Kosovo

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the level and socio-demographic correlates of satisfaction with services among adult primary health care users in Kosovo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kosovo during the period May-June 2022 including a representative sample of 510 adult users (238 men and 272 women) of primary health care services in Kosovo (mean age: 44.6±19.2 years). In addition to socio-demographic data, a structured 23-item questionnaire aiming at assessing the level of satisfaction with primary health care services was administered to all participants (each item ranging from 1 [high] to 5 [low]). A summary score was calculated for all 23 items related to satisfaction level ranging from 23 (the highest satisfaction level) to 115 (the lowest satisfaction level). General linear model was used to assess the association between the summary score of satisfaction level with primary health care services and socio-demographic factors of study participants.   Results: Mean summary score of the 23 items related to the satisfaction level with primary health care services was 49.8±13.0; median score was 49 (interquartile range: 41-57). In multivariable-adjusted models, the level of satisfaction with primary health care services was significantly higher among participants with a lower educational attainment, individuals with e lower income level, and ethnic Albanian participants. Conclusion: This study identified important socio-demographic correlates of the level of satisfaction with primary health care services in the adult population of Kosovo. Findings from this study should raise the awareness of policymakers and decision-makers in Kosovo and elsewhere in order to improve the quality of primary health care services.   &nbsp

Level of satisfaction among primary health care workers in Kosovo

Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the extent and selected corelates of work satisfaction among primary healthcare professionals in Kosovo.   Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected regions of Kosovo during the period May-June 2022 including a representative sample of 500 primary healthcare workers (209 men and 291 women; overall mean age: 42.0±12.3 years). A structured 9-item questionnaire was administered to all participants aiming at assessing the level of satisfaction among primary healthcare workers (each item ranging from 1 [high] to 5 [low]). A summary score was calculated for all 9 items related to satisfaction level ranging from 9 (the highest satisfaction level) to 45 (the lowest satisfaction level). Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association of satisfaction level (dichotomized into “satisfied” vs. “unsatisfied”, based on median value of the summary score) with selected demographic factors and work characteristics of primary healthcare workers.    Results: Mean summary score of the 9 items related to the satisfaction level of primary healthcare workers was about 23±5; median score was 23 (interquartile range: 20-26). In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, the level of satisfaction was not significantly related to any demographic factor, but positively associated with the years of working experience of primary healthcare workers [OR(for 1 year increment in the work experience)=1.03, 95%CI=1.00-1.05]. Conclusion: The evidence from this study conducted in Kosovo indicates no significant relationships of the level of satisfaction with demographic factors of primary healthcare workers, but a strong association with their working experience. Policymakers in Kosovo and in other countries should be aware of the importance of working conditions and working environment in order to gradually increase the level of satisfaction of the staff, which is a basic prerequisite for quality improvement of service delivery at primary healthcare level. &nbsp

The role of peripheral blood smear analysis in diagnosing the type of anemia

Anemia is a condition seen with the first decrease or entry in relation to hemoglobin in the blood. Throughout the time of the blood test, we evaluate their color as well as the number of platelets present. Anemia is classified based on red blood cell morphology, red indices, and hemoglobin colors. Aims and objectives: With this blood analysis to help clinicians to diagnose the type of anemia by examining peripheral blood streaks and the parameters generated by the available automated counter and to compare the findings between these two methods. Material and methods: The study included the results of hemogram (hemogram) and peripheral blood smear analysis of 340 patients in the time period 01.03.2022. until 01.08.2023. The hematological analysis (schedule) was done at the Polyclinic Laboratory, Biolab Zafi, in Klina and the Medical Laboratory, Biolab-Zafi-F in Pejë. The blood sample for analysis was collected from venous blood with Vacutainer EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid) and from capillary peripheral blood. Strip peripheral blood and stain using May-Grunwald Gimsa stain. Findings in the peripheral strishton and the parameters generated by the counter of this number and the histograms that are evaluated and compared. Results: From 340 samples, hypochromic microcytic anemia is the most common (46.5%), followed by normocytic normochromic (26.3%), dimorphic (22.7%) and finally, hemolytic anemia (4.5%). Compared with the parameters of the ER generated by the counter found and the histograms, the findings in the peripheral strishon, in anemia showed a significant significant difference (P \u3c 0.0001). Conclusions: Peripheral blood smear examination together with ER histogram study may be able to categorize the type of anemia in many cases. Completing these hematological analyzes with other biochemistry parameters can increase the accuracy of the diagnosis of anemias

Male infertility caused by bacterial genital infections

Genital infections are common in men. Male infertility doctors encounter them every day. They are most often caused by the spread of a urinary infection, but the hematogenous and lymphogenous routes of genital infections are also possible, as well as the spread of the infection from surrounding tissues and organs. Gram-positive bacteria that most often cause infections of the genital organs are: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, while the most common gram-negative bacteria are: Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp. , Enterobacter spp., and enterobacterionas and other enterodoma. The frequency and specificity of some infections differ from bacteria, such as: Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma.urealyticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Understanding the link between infections of the accessory glands (associated with the male gonads) and reduced or absent male fertility has been scientifically proven and various antibiotic protocols have been proposed for treatment. In most cases, urogenital bacterial infections are successfully treated, but the increase in the number of leukocytes and impaired function of the accessory glands lasts for several months, which continues to affect a man\u27s fertile capacity