methodology

In this study "design parameters" and efficiency effect of basic system components on exergetic efficiency of "Solar Combisystems (SCS)" which can be named as a new generation space heating systems are investigated in order to determine the optimum operating values of system components. The effects of four variables, instantaneous exergetic efficiency of solar collector (eta(Excoll)), heat exchanger-1 (eta(Exhe-1)), heat exchanger-2 (eta(Exhe-2)) and heating system (eta(ExHs)) on the overall exergetic efficiency of SCS are investigated based on central composite design (CCD) and quadratic models are developed to correlate the variables to overall system net and gross exergetic efficiency. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response is identified. It is found that, (eta(Excoll)), (eta(Exhe-1)), (eta(Exhe-2)) and (eta(ExHs)) are statistically significant for net and (eta(Excoll)), (eta(Exhe-1)) and (eta(ExHs)) are statistically significant for gross exergetic efficiency of overall system. Binary interaction effect of independent variables are investigated and it is found that (eta(Excoll)) and (eta(Exhe-1)) is the most important couple that effects the net exergetic efficiency of the system. Net and gross exergetic efficiency of overall system reach to 12% and 14.6% individually, within the optimum values of the variables. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

sewage sludges and its application as dye removal

The purpose of this experimental study is to determine optimum preparation conditions for activated carbons obtained from textile sewage sludge (TSS) for removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. The textile sewage sludge activated carbon (TSSAC) was prepared by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The most influential factor on each experimental design responses was identified via ANNOVA analysis. Based on the central composite design (CCD), quadratic model was developed to correlate the preparation variables for one response which is the Brunauer-Emmelt-Teller (BET) surface area. RSM based on a three-variable CCD was used to determine the effect of pyrolyzed temperature (400-700 degrees C), carbonization time (45-180 min) and KOH: weight of TSS (wt%) impregnation ratio (0.5:1-1.5:1) on BET surface area. According to the results, pyrolyzed temperature and impregnation ratio were found as the significant factors for maximizing the BET surface area. The major effect which influences the BET surface area was found as pyrolyzed temperature. Both carbonization time and impregnation ratio of KOH had no significant effect. The optimum conditions for preparing TSSAC, based on response surface and contour plots, were found as follows: pyrolyzed temperature 700 degrees C, carbonization time of 45 min and chemical impregnation ratio of 0.5. The maximum and optimum BET surface area of TSSAC were found as 336 m(2)/g and 310.62 m(2)/g, respectively. Synozol Blue reactive (RSB) and Setapers Yellow-Brown (P2RFL) industrial textile dyes adsorption capacities were investigated. As expected the TSSAC which has the biggest BET surface area (336 m(2)/g) adsorbed dye best. The maximum (RSB) and (P2RFL) uptake capacities were found as 8.5383 mg/g and 5.4 mg/g, respectively. The results of this study indicated the applicability of TSSAC for removing industrial dyes from aqueous solution. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Renewable energy awareness in vocational and technical education

The vocational-technical education (V-TE) system has started a restructuring process recently especially in developing countries. In this study, the awareness level for renewable energy sources of individuals related with V-TE is investigated. Awareness survey for renewable energy sources is applied among the participants who are subdivided to different groups with respect to their gender, role in V-TE system and educational-social status. There is no statistically significant difference observed with respect to gender according to the results; (t((138)) = 0.027, p = 0.978 > 0.05). The participants are investigated in 5 different groups as "students in the Department of Electric and Energy (DEE) in Vocational School (VS)", "graduates from DEE in VS", "students in VS", "graduates from VS" and "parents of the students in VS". According to the One-Way ANNOVA test results (F-(4,F-135)=4.402, p = 0.002 <0.05), meaningful difference is observed between the groups for awareness level of renewable energy sources. Analysis that are based on the participants' role in V-TE presented meaningful differences, upon comparing "students in the (DEE) in (VS)" with "students in VS" (p = 0.049 <0.05) and "parents of the students" with "students in VS" (p = 0.006 < 0.05). As a result, creating an "Alternative Energy Sources Technology Programme" under DEE is suggested in order to increase the awareness level of potential labor-force for local industry. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

produced from textile sewage sludges

Different types of activated carbons were prepared by changing the activation temperatures (400-700 degrees C) and impregnation ratio (sewage sludge: KOH: 1:1, 1:2) and the removal of Sr+2 from aqueous solution was determined. The maximum adsorption yield (12.11 mg/g) was obtained at 500 degrees C for 1 h carbonization conditions with impregnation ratio of 1:1. The affecting parameters were analyzed by using central composite design method. The selected parameters were initial pH, temperature, initial strontium concentration and carbon dosage. The analysis of variance was performed in 95% confidence level and checked to fitting of experimental value and predicted value. The significant F was P < 0.05 with a model F value of 19.94 which revealed that this regression is statistically significant. The results of regression analysis indicated that pH and temperature parameters were not individually statistically significant for Se+2 sorption. However, the efficiency of strontium sorption increases with the increase in carbon dosage and decreases with the Sr+2 concentration. Influences of initial pH and temperature, pH and Sr+2 concentration, temperature and carbon dosage and Sr+2 concentration and carbon dosage on the adsorption process were considered statistically significant. Adsorption of strontium was described by Freundlich isotherm as a physical adsorption (E = 7.2 kJ/mol). The adsorption reactions were calculated as endothermic, spontaneous and favorable reactions. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Energy analysis of Solar Combisystems in Turkey

IEA has done an organization with the attendance of USA, Germany, Italy, Norway etc. to innovate the solar space heating systems. These countries lay the foundations of "Solar Combisystems" by presenting the extent of TASK 26.In this paper, an experimental study has done to improve the existing solar space heating systems in Turkey. Experimental system has built up by devising thermal stratified boiler and internal working parameters, external system parameters have been measured between December 2010 and May 2011. The system includes two closed flow cycle. There are three control units to control flow cycles which are placed into the system. Also system presents new approach on floor heating method by using copper finned-copper flow tubes for space heating. The new approach in design and application state has a positive impact on the energy flow of the system. The results show that energy saving ratio is performed between 59% and 89% monthly.The system, supplies the energy demand of the space that is needed to provide comfort conditions. Also fractional solar consumption (FSC) change is investigated daily, monthly and annually. Annual FSC value of the established system is approximately 83%. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Curuksu within Borders of Denizli

It is aimed to determine the water quality and pollution parameters which are carried by Gumuscay and Curuksu Creek's to River Buyuk Menderes (RBM). Cause and effect relations of measured parameters are investigated by SPSS 15.00 statistical software "Factor Analyze" approach. Temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solid material, dissolved oxygen demand, chemical and biological oxygen demand values of water samples which are taken from designated measurement stations, are investigated in the light of Water Pollution and Management Regulation. Water samples taken from 6 different location of RBM, Curuksu and Gumuscay, are measured monthly throughout whole year. It is obtained that Gumuscay and Curuksu is 4th, RBM (about Saraykoy Bridge) is 3th class of water quality according to the organic matter concentration values. Total dissolved solid material vales of water samples shows that Curuksu and RBM (about Saraykoy Bridge) is 2nd class of water quality. According to the results, 16% salinity ratio of Curuksu is due to Gumuscay and approximately 70 % salinity ratio of RBM is due to waters mix from Curuksu. Also 70 % of total dissolved material in RBM about Saraykoy is due to Curuksu. The rate between flow values of Curuksu before mix with RBM and flow values of Curuksu after mix with RBM is approximately 57 %, although the rate of organic matter load value is 75 %. It is underlined that, the strategy development studies that will be done to rehabilitate the water quality of RBM could be start with the rehabilitation of water quality of Curuksu

Haczedilen taşınmazların paraya çevrilmesi

Günümüz hukuk sistemlerinde, kurulan bir borç ilişkisi kapsamında borcun ifa edilmemesi sonucunda başvurulması gereken yol, devletin cebri icra organlarıdır. Cebri icra hukuku, borçlunun iradesiyle ve zamanı geldiğinde borcunu ödememesi neticesinde, devletin cebri icra organlarından yararlanılarak alacaklının alacağına kavuşmasını sağlayan hukuk dalıdır. Çalışmamız içerisinde ele alacağımız konu, haczedilen taşınmazların paraya çevrilmesi safhası ve ihalenin sonuçları olacaktır. Alacaklının icra hukuku kuralları çerçevesinde başlattığı icra takibinin kesinleşmesi ile birlikte, borçlunun taşınmazlarını haczettirme ve bu taşınmazların satılarak paraya çevrilmesini talep etme hakkı bulunmaktadır. Zira icra takibi kapsamında alacaklının tatmini, icra organları tarafından haczedilen taşınmazların açık artırmaya çıkarılması sonucu elde edilen para ile sağlanmaktadır. Haczedilen taşınmazların paraya çevrilmesi kural olarak açık artırma usulü ile mümkündür. Alacaklı tarafından kanuna uygun şekilde yapılan paraya çevirme talebi neticesinde icra müdürlüğü, açık artırmaya hazırlık işlemlerini eksiksiz şekilde yerine getirmeli ve tarafların menfaatlerine uygun olarak artırmayı gerçekleştirmelidir. Çalışmamızda özet olarak paraya çevirme usulü, artırmaya hazırlık işlemleri ve artırmanın yapılması ile sonuçları kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Doktrindeki görüşlere ve Yargıtay içtihatlarına da yer verilerek, uygulamada yaşanan olumlu ve olumsuz hususlara da değinilmiştir. In today's legal systems, the way to apply under non-fulfillment debt obligations is state's compulsory executive bodies. Compulsory law provides to obligee when the time comes, getting as mentioned debt using the government's compulsory executive bodies by willing of debtor. The subject which we will discuss in our study is the phase of the seizure of the seized property and the result of tender. There is right to demand of obligee, follow-up of executions initiated within the framework of compulsory laws that disposing of the immovables registered on the debt and to convert these immovables into money for sale. Likewise, the satisfaction of creditors in the law of compulsory is obtained by the money which is result of the auctioning of immovable properties seized by the executive organs. Encashment of immovable property is possible by auction procedure as a rule. Pursuant to the request for the conversion of the money by the creditor in accordance with the law, the executive directorate shall carry out the auctions preparation procedures in full and increase it in accordance with the interests of the parties. As a summary of our study, method of encashment, preparations to increase and results of making an enhancement is examined in detail and these examines are supported by doctrines and the Court of Cassation case-law