Assessment of Bifidobacterium Pseudocatenulatum G4 as A Probiotic

This study has demonstrated the probiotic criteria of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 related to safety profile; effects on intestinal microbiota; interactions with prebiotics; and the growth in peanut milk (PM) and survivability during the storage. The safety profile of the strain G4 was evaluated in groups of BALB/c mice, fed different concentrations of Bifidobacterium strains for a period of 28 days. At the end of the experimental period, the highest dose of 11 log CFU B. pseudocatenulatum G4 /day did not affect the general health of mice nor cause any toxicity to blood based on biochemistry and haematology measurements. Pathogenicity symptoms were not detected in the internal organs; serum enzymes of liver and kidney; and histology of ceacum, ileum and colon of the treated mice; thus, the strain G4 could be a safe probiotic for food application. The effects of feeding strain G4 on selected microbiota community and metabolic activity in ceacum and colon of rats were also examined in 30 days feeding trail. The rat groups received skim milk contained either viable or metabolic product of B. pseudocatenulatum G4. The viable supplement of strain G4 increased profile of bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus and total anaerobes in ceacum and colon of the fed rats; while it decreased total aerobes and potential pathogens (staphylococcus, enterococcus and enterobacteriacea) of the same intestinal regions. However, salmonella and coliform were maintained mostly unchanged. In addition, the viable supplement of strain G4 has significantly (p 7 log CFU CFU/ml fermented PM products. Therefore, B. pseudocatenulatum G4 assessed to be a safe probiotic microorganism for synbiotics formulation with FOS and incorporation into peanut milk (PM) for delivery purposes

Synbiotics growth optimization of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 with prebiotics using a statistical methodology

Aims:  This study demonstrated the optimum growth of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 with prebiotics via statistical model.Methods and Results:  Commercial prebiotics [inulin and fructooligosaccharide (FOS)], together with sorbitol, arabinan and inoculum rate, were tested by fractional factorial design to determine their impact on growth of Bif. pseudocatenulatum G4 in skim milk. At 48 h incubation, bacterial growth was mainly influenced by FOS and inoculum rate. Growth reduction was observed in all samples incubated for 72 h. Central composite design (CCD) was adopted using FOS and inoculum rate at 48 h incubation to develop the statistical model for optimization. The model predicted that 2·461 log CFU ml−1 produced the optimum growth increase of Bif. pseudocatenulatum G4. The combination that produced the optimum point was 2·86% FOS (g/v) and 0·67% inoculum rate (v/v).Conclusion:  At optimum combination of inoculum rate and FOS, validation experiments recorded 2·40 ± 10·02 log CFU ml−1. The application in 1-l bioreactor for 24 h showed higher growth increase of 2·95 log CFU ml−1.Significant and Impact of the Study:  Response surface methodology approach is useful to develop optimum synbiotics combination for strain G4 with FOS

Natural Convection from a Permeable Sphere Embedded in a Variable Porosity Porous Medium Due to Thermal Dispersion

The laminar natural convection boundary-layer flow of an electricallyconducting fluid from a permeable sphere embedded in a porous medium with variable porosity is considered. The non-Darcy effects including convective, boundary, inertial and thermal dispersion effects are included in this analysis. The sphere surface is maintained at a constant heat flux and is permeable to allow for possible fluid wall suction or blowing. The resulting governing equations are nondimensionalized and transformed into a nonsimilar form and then solved numerically by using the secondlevel local non-similarity method that is used to convert the non-similar equations into a system of ordinary differential equations. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and excellent agreement is obtained. A parametric study of the physical parameters is conducted and a representative set of numerical results for the velocity and temperature profiles as well as the local skin-friction coefficient and the Nusselt number are illustrated graphically to show interesting features of Darcy number, inertia coefficient, the magnetic parameter, dimensionless coordinate, dispersion parameter, the Prantdl number and suction/blowing parameter

Health status of BALB/c mice orally fed with Bifidobacterium Pseudocatenulatum G4.

Safety profiles of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 and commercial Bifidobacterium longum B536 were evaluated. Groups of BALB/c mice were orally administered sterile skim milk suspensions containing viable B. pseudocatenulatum G4 at 2 x 104, 1 x 108, or 1 x 1011 CFU/day and reference B. longum BB536 at 1 x 108 CFU/day for four weeks. None Bifidobacterium supplemented was used as control. No abnormal clinical signs were revealed during the assessment. There were no noticeable dif erences in food intake; water intake and weight gain between treatment groups. Feeding with strain G4 did not cause any changesin blood biochemistry (Albumin, Glucose, Cholestrol, and Total protein) or haematological (Red blood cell (RBC), Protein cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin, Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), White blood cell (WBC), Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, and Eosinophils) measurements. Hence, this strain of B. pseudocatenulatum evaluated during this study; did not adversely affect the health of the mice and is likely to share the safe status of probiotic bacterium for future application

In vitro fermentation of broiler cecal content : the role of oactobacilli and pH value on the composition of microbiota and end products fermentation.

Aim: To assess the probiotic effects of Lactobacillus agilis JCM 1048 and L. sali-varius ssp. salicinius JCM 1230 and the pH on the cecal microflora of chicken and metabolic end products. Methods and Results: An in vitro system, operated with batch bioreactor, was used for this assessment. Selected bacterial species were monitored at two pH values, over 24 h of batch culture incubation. The concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactate in the fermented material was also determined. The addition of L. agilis JCM 1048 and L. salivarius ssp. salicinius JCM 1230 into vessel 2 (Cc + P) increased the total anaerobes, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria after 24 h incubation. Moreover, lactobacilli supplementation decreased the total aerobes and streptococci, but it did not have any effects on coliforms. The supplementation of lactobacilli in vessel 2 (Cc + P) was found to significantly increase the production of lactate, propionate and butyrate. Further- more, pH did not alter the formation of butyrate, whereas the production of acetate and propionate was significantly decreased at pH = 5Æ 8.Conclusions:L. agilis JCM 1048 and L. salivarius ssp. salicinius JCM 1230, as probiotic bacteria, have the ability to re-establish proper microbial balance by the formation of lactate as well as propionate, and stimulate butyrate-producing bacteria to produce butyrate in the chicken cecum. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study was the first to report this under in vitro conditions, highlighting the probiotic roles of the two Lactobacillus strains in broiler cecal fermentation at different initial pH. These useful data can be helpful in improving the fermentation process in chicken cecum

Safety evaluation of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 as assessed in BALB/c mice

Aims:  To assess the safety of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 in BALB/c mice that involves examination of bacterial translocation, changes in the internal organs and histology of the intestinal lining. Methods and Results:  Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 8). Three groups were orally fed with 50 μl of three different concentrations of B. pseudocatenulatum G4 (2 × 104, 1 × 108 and 1 × 1011 CFU day−1) for 4 weeks. One group was orally administered with 50 μl of 1 × 108 CFU B. longum BB536 per day for 4 weeks and last group was used as a nonbifidobacterial treatment control, which received 50 μl of skim milk. The administered strains did not affect the general health of mice and incapable of carrying out translocation to blood or liver. There were no significant differences in the internal organ (liver, heart, kidney and spleen) indices, serum enzymes of liver (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphate, alanine aminotransferase) and kidney (urea and creatinine) and histology (villi height, crypts height, mucosa thickness and epithelial cell height) of caecum, ileum and colon. Conclusion:  Administration of high dose of up to 1 × 1011 CFU B. pseudocatenulatum G4 per day to mice did not show any health threatening symptoms. Significance and Impact of the Study: Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 is none pathogenic to BALB/c mice and could be safe probiotic for human consumption

Selected microbial groups and short-chain fatty acids profile in a simulated chicken cecum supplemented with two strains of Lactobacillus.

Among the bacterial fermentation end products in the chicken cecum, butyrate is of particular importance because of its nutritional properties for the epithelial cell and pathogen inhibitory effects in the gut. An in vitro experiment, operated with batch bioreactor, was conducted to quantify butyric-producing bacteria in a simulated broiler cecum supplemented with Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. salicinius JCM 1230 and Lactobacillus agilis JCM 1048 during 24 h of incubation. Selected bacterial species were determined by real-time PCR and short-chain fatty acids and lactate concentrations were monitored. The results showed that after 24 h of incubation, Lactobacillus supplementation significantly increased the number of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in medium containing cecal content and lactobacilli supple-mentation (Cc + L) compared with the control (Cc). Addition of lactobacilli did not alter Escherichia coli and Clostridium butyricum, whereas it significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Salmonella in treatment Cc + L compared with the Cc treatment. Propionate and butyrate formation were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in treatment Cc + L as compared with the Cc treatment. Lactate was only detected in treatment containing 2 Lactobacillus strains. After 24 h of incubation, acetate concentration significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in all treatments. It was suggested that lactate produced by Lactobacillus in the cecal content improved the growth of butyric producers such as F. prausnitzii, which significantly increased butyrate accumulation. Additionally, the results showed that butyrate and propionate inhibited Salmonella without influencing the E. coli profile

Finite element computation of transient dissipative double diffusive magneto-convective nanofluid flow from a rotating vertical porous surface in porous media

This paper aimed to investigate the transient dissipative MHD double diffusive free convective boundary layer flow of electrically-conducting nanofluids from a stationary or moving vertical porous surface in a rotating high permeability porous medium, considering buoyancy, thermal radiation and first order chemical reaction. Thermo-diffusion (Soret) and diffuso-thermal (Dufour) effects are also considered. Darcy’s law is employed. The mathematical model is formulated by considering water-based nanofluids containing metallic nano-particles for both stationary and moving plate cases. Three nanofluids are examined, namely copper, aluminium oxide or titanium oxide in water. The transformed non-linear, coupled, dimensionless partial differential equations describing the flow are solved with physically appropriate boundary conditions by using Galerkin weighted residual scheme. For prescribed permeability, numerical results are presented graphically for the influence of a number of emerging parameters. Validation of finite element solutions for skin friction and Nusselt number is achieved via comparison with the previously published work as special cases of the present investigation and very good correlation obtained. Increasing rotational parameter is observed to reduce both primary and secondary velocity components. Primary and secondary velocities are consistently elevated with increasing Soret, Dufour, thermal Grashof and solutal Grashof numbers. Increasing Schmidt number, chemical reaction and suction parameter both suppress nano - particle concentration whereas the converse behavior is computed with increasing Soret number. The study is relevant to high temperature rotating chemical engineering systems exploiting magnetized nanofluids and also electromagnetic nanomaterial manufacturing processes

Viability of bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 after spray-drying and freeze-drying

Viability of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 following spray-drying and freeze-drying in skim milk was evaluated. After spray-drying, the strain experienced over 99% loss in viability regardless of the air outlet temperature (75 and 85°C) and the heat-adaptation temperature (45 and 65 °C, 30 min). The use of heat-adaptation treatment to improve the thermotolerance of this strain was ineffective. On the other hand, the strain showed a superior survival at 71.65%–82.07% after freeze-drying. Viable populations of 9.319–9.487 log10 cfu/g were obtained when different combinations of skim milk and sugar were used as cryoprotectant. However, the addition of sugars did not result in increased survival during the freeze-drying process. Hence, 10% (w/v) skim milk alone is recommended as a suitable protectant and drying medium for this strain. The residual moisture content obtained was 4.41% ± 0.44%