Optimal Transmission Expansion Planning considering Distributed Generations by using Non- dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II)

Reconstructing power systems has changed the traditional planning of power systems and has raised new challenges in transmission expansion planning (TEP). In this paper, investment cost, cost of density and dependability have been considered three objectives of optimization. Also, multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGAII was used to solve this non-convex and mixed integer problem. A fuzzy decision method has been used to choose the final optimal answer from the Pareto solutions obtained from NSGAII. Moreover, to confirm the efficiency of NSGAII multi-objective genetic algorithm in solving TEP problem, the algorithm was implemented in an IEEE 24 bus system and the gained results were compared with previous works in this field

Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Controlled TV Training Set

Bu çalışmada, teknik ve mesleki eğitim veren fakülteler, yüksekokullar, endüstri meslek liseleri, çıraklık ve yaygın eğitim merkezleri, meslek kursu veren belediyeler ve özel eğitim merkezleri vb. kurumlardaki görüntü sistemleri, televizyon tekniği, televizyon teknik servisliği gibi televizyon sisteminin ve televizyon arıza-onarım-bakım konularının işlendiği derslerde, derslerin pratik uygulama kısmında kullanılmak üzere bir televizyon deney seti tasarlanmış ve gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu deney seti ile öğrenciler/ kursiyerler derste edindiği teorik bilgiler ışığında televizyon sistemlerini daha iyi kavrayabilecek, televizyon arızalarını bulma becerisini uygulamalı olarak geliştirebilecektir. Deney setine ek olarak televizyon ile bağlantılı bir ölçüm panosu da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Böylece televizyon üzerinde istenen ölçümler rahatça yapılabilmektedir. Geliştirilen deney setinde, kullanıcının birden fazla hatayı aynı anda gerçekleştirerek hata bulma adımlarını geliştirmesi mümkündür.In this study, a TV training set has been designed and implemented in order to be practically utilized for TV systems courses and TV fault detection which are applied in vocational and technical schools such as faculties, vocational colleges and high schools, and non-formal training centers. The designed training setwill supply students/trainees to achieve practical experiences to easily detect faults on a TV set. In addition to training set, a measurement panel has been implemented which is connected to TV panel. The additional panel enables user and trainer to obtain desired measurements in a short while. The imlemented training set also enables users to prepare multiple faults in order to complicate troubleshooting steps

Design and Implementation of Electric Energy Savings Card for Computer Monitor Power Management

Enerji tasarrufu, günümüzde üzerinde durulan en önemli konulardan birisidir. Hayatın hemen hemen her alanında kullanılan bilgisayarların da, daha az güçte ve verimli bir şekilde kullanılması enerji tasarrufu için çok önemlidir. Enerji tasarrufu için bilgisayarlar daha az güçte çalışacak şekilde tasarlanabilmektedir fakat bilgisayarların kullanılmadığı zaman periyotlarında enerji harcaması, enerji tasarrufu açısından tam tersi bir etki yapmaktadır. Bilgisayarın bileşenleri içinde en fazla enerji tüketen birimlerden birisi monitördür. Dolayısıyla bilgisayarın kullanılmadığı zaman aralıklarında monitörün kapatılması enerji tasarrufu için çok önemlidir. Bu konuda kullanıcılar, bilgisayarı kullanmayacağı sürede; monitörü kapatmakta, yazılımsal güç yönetim modunu kullanmakta ya da monitörü açık bırakmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bilgisayarın kısa veya uzun sürelerde kullanılmadığı zamanlarda, kullanıcı bilgisayar başından kalktığında monitörü otomatik olarak kapatan, kullanıcı bilgisayar başına geldiğinde monitörü otomatik olarak açan bir kontrol kartı tasarlanmış ve uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sayede diğer tüm tasarruf yöntemlerinden daha fazla elektrik enerjisi tasarrufu sağlandığı görülmüştür.Nowadays, the energy saving is one of the most important issues focused on. It is also very important to increase energy savings of computers by dissipating less power as being one of the most widely used device in daily life. The computers can be designed with less power demand in order to save energy. However, it is a handicap to leave monitors working in short or long time periods while computer is not being used actively. The monitor is one of the most energy-consuming unit of computer components. Therefore, shutting down the computer monitor while not being used, either short or long time period, is very effective for the energy savings. To provide this, users either turn the screen off or use the software-driven power management mode or leave the screen on. In this study, a control card which turns the screen off automatically when the computer is not used for a long or short time, when the user leave the computer on and automatically turns it on when the user come back to use the computer has been designed and implemented. In this way, more than any other electricity energy saving method has been provided to save energ

Multi-channel power line communication system design for hybrid renewables

This study deals with a multi-channel power line communication infrastructure that is designed specifically for a hybrid renewable energy generation system. However, the proposed method can easily be adapted to any communication system that uses power line as a transmission channel. The modelled environment is based on carrying the various data acquired from a renewable energy test bed. The test bed is also a comprehensive modelling study itself where it is designed with wind turbine and solar energy plants. The generated voltage, current, and apparent power (S) of each energy plant are measured separately and are transmitted to monitoring centre over the power line. The modulators are located at the generation sites and acquired data are modulated with Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) method. A QPSK modulated signal that carries 6-channel data is injected to power line and is transmitted to 25 km away monitoring centre. The demodulated data is calibrated to measured values and comparisons showed that the proposed system performs multi-channel power line communication successfully. The modelled communication system can also be used as a control system by transmitting any control data from grid side to renewables

A low cost smart metering system design for smart grid applications

The most important parts of the smart meters are the sensing devices that are utilized to measure for both current and voltage magnitudes of the systems. Therefore, several investigations have to be carried out to improve practical applications of the smart metering systems. This paper presents a novel sensing device design for AC measurement systems. The proposed sensing system is firstly designed by means of the computer simulation tools and then the printed circuit board of the designed metering system is implemented. Afterwards, the practical circuit is tested under different conditions. In addition, the proposed system is compared with the previously designed sensing circuit by authors in terms of cost, advantages and disadvantages. The obtained results emphasized that the proposed new sensing circuit is capable of very low cost and very high accuracy

A smart monitoring infrastructure design for distributed renewable energy systems

The automatic meter reading is essentially required in renewable grids as in conventional grids. It is intended to propose a reliable measurement system that is validated in a photovoltaic power system to meet the requirement of a renewable grid. In the presented study, the photovoltaic plants are controlled by using a widely known maximum power point tracking algorithm that is named as “Perturb and Observe”. The distribution line at the output of inverter is modelled according to realistic parameters of 25 km line. Besides carrying the generated line voltage, the grid is used as a transmission medium for the generated power measurements of photovoltaic plants and power consumptions of load plants separately. The modem constituting the power line communication manages the dual-channel transfer and transmits the consumed energy ratios of the load plants. One of the modems is located at the output of voltage source inverter and the other one of the load plants. The power consumption values of each load plants are individually measured and successfully transmitted to monitoring section in the modelled system. The obtained data that is only used for monitoring in this application can also be evaluated for automatic meter reading applications

Hybrid renewable energy systems and microgrids

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Microgrids covers the modeling and analysis for each type of integrated and operational hybrid energy system. Looking at the fundamentals for conventional energy systems, decentralized generation systems, RES technologies and hybrid integration of RES power plants, the most important contribution this book makes is combining emerging energy systems that improve micro and smart grid systems and their components. Sections cover traditional system characteristics, features, challenges and benefits of hybrid energy systems over the conventional power grid, the deployment of emerging power electronic technologies, and up-to-date electronic devices and systems, including AC and DC waveforms. Conventional, emerging and hierarchical control methods and technologies applied in microgrid operations are covered to give researchers and practitioners the information needed to ensure reliability, resilience and flexibility of implemented hybrid energy systems

A wireless metering and monitoring system for solar string inverters

The design and implementation studies of a real time monitoring and smart metering system are presented in this study. The proposed design is improved in terms of smart metering infrastructure based on current, voltage, and power measurements. The communication among the string inverter and host PC is performed by the designed ZigBee transceiver system. Sensing circuits are the most significant devices for measuring both current and voltage magnitudes of the systems. The measured data are processed by the microcontroller unit (MCU) and are modulated after signal processing operations for serial communication. Although the transceiver is configured to execute bi-directional communication, unidirectional data flow is performed where the smart metering system transmits data to monitoring substructure. The monitoring software is also implemented in the context of the presented study. The Visual Studio software development kit is used to design and to code the software by using C#. The performed experimental studies showed that the proposed real time monitoring and smart metering system could be exploited to monitor current, voltage and power magnitudes of the string inverters in an efficient way

The low cost voltage and current measurement device design for power converters

The sensing circuits are very important devices to measure for both current and voltage magnitudes of the systems. This paper presents a new sensing circuit design with significant advantages for DC voltage systems. The proposed sensing circuit is capable to measure currents and voltages by means of one current transducer and resistor network of voltage measurement. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed circuit are ensured by employing operational amplifier that can detect μV-level voltage variations at the differential inputs. Moreover, the proposed system is checked against to the previously one reported by authors in terms of overall cost, superiorities and drawbacks. The performed experimental studies showed that the proposed sensing circuit offers several significant advantages such as very low cost, very high accuracy and very low power supply requirements with respect to the formerly designed system

Smart grids and their communication systems

The book presents a broad overview of emerging smart grid technologies and communication systems, offering a helpful guide for future research in the field of electrical engineering and communication engineering. It explores recent advances in several computing technologies and their performance evaluation, and addresses a wide range of topics, such as the essentials of smart grids for fifth generation (5G) communication systems. It also elaborates the role of emerging communication systems such as 5G, internet of things (IoT), IEEE 802.15.4 and cognitive radio networks in smart grids. The book includes detailed surveys and case studies on current trends in smart grid systems and communications for smart metering and monitoring, smart grid energy storage systems, modulations and waveforms for 5G networks. As such, it will be of interest to practitioners and researchers in the field of smart grid and communication infrastructures alike