Wplyw wieku, terminu wystapienia i dlugosci rui na zawartosc magnezu w mleku klaczy

Skład mleka klaczy zmienia się podczas laktacji. Od tych zmian zależą tempo wzrostu i rozwoju źrebiąt, natomiast na zmiany te wpływa wiele czynników, m.in. stan fizjologiczny klaczy. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu wieku oraz terminu wystąpienia i długości rui na zawartość magnezu w mleku klaczy. Badania prowadzono na 30 klaczach czystej krwi arabskiej. Stwierdzono, że poziom magnezu obniżał się w ciągu 30-dniowej laktacji, szczególnie w okresie od 4. do 12. dnia po oźrebieniu. W mleku klaczy starszych była istotnie wyższa koncentracja magnezu. Także termin wystąpienia rui oddziaływał na poziom omawianego pierwiastka - klacze z rujami dawały mleko uboższe w magnez. Mleko najzasobniejsze w magnez produkowały klacze, u których ruja trwała średnio 4-7 dni.Milk composition changes during lactation. The growth rate of foals depends on these changes, which could be connected to the physiological state of the mares. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Arabian mares' age and their heat term and length on the magnesium level in the milk. The research was carried out on 30 Arabian mares. It was confirmed that the magnesium concentration decreased during the 30-days' lactation, especially from the 4th to 12th day after parturition. Older mares produced milk with the significantly higher level of magnesium. Also the heat term influenced Mg concentration - mares with earlier heat produced milk with the lowest magnesium content. Mares which were 4 to 7 days on heat produced milk with the highest level of magnesium

Wpływ różnych czynników na poziom alfa1-antytrypsyny u żrebiąt pełnej krwi angielskiej

Acute phase proteins (APP) are an integral part of the acute phase response. Alpha 1 antitrypsin is considered to be one of the most important acute-phase protein activated by trauma, stress, or inflammatory processes. The objective of the present study was to estimate the impact of various factors (sex, month of life and sire effect) on concentration of alpha 1 antitrypsin in serum of Thoroughbred foals. A total of 624 samples, collected from 39 foals were obtained in monthly intervals from first to 16 month of life and measured by STIC method (specific trypsin inhibitory captivity). The obtained results indicated the significant impact of analyzed age periods on the AAT level. Furthermore, the variation in AAT level in analyzed periods corresponded to significant changes in foals diet and maintaining. Alpha 1 antitrypsin concentration was also affected by sire effects and sex of foals. In the most investigated age periods, the impact of sire on alpha 1 antitrypsin content in serum of his progeny has been shown. The obtained results might be useful in explanation of differences in serum AAT concentration in foals during early ontogenesis which probably is a critical period that has an influence on racing performance of young horses.Wpływ różnych czynników na poziom alfa-1-antytrypsyny u źrebiąt pełnej krwi angielskiej. Białka ostrej fazy (APP) są integralną częścią tzw.: odpowiedzi ostrej fazy na stan zapalny. Alfa-1-antytrypsyna (ATT) jest uważana za jedno najważniejszych białek ostrej fazy aktywowane przez uraz, stres lub procesy zapalne. W związku z tym celem niniejszego badania była ocena wpływu różnych czynników (płeć, miesiąc życia i ojciec) na stężenia ATT w surowicy krwi źrebiąt pełnej krwi angielskiej. Materiał do badań stanowiło 624 próbek kri, zebranych od 39 źrebiąt będących potomstwem czterech ogierów, uzyskanych w odstępach miesięcznych od pierwszego do 16 miesiąca życia. Stężenie ATT oznaczono metodą STIC. Uzyskane wyniki wskazały na znaczący wpływ wieku źrebiąt na poziom AAT. Co więcej, różnice w poziomie AAT w analizowanych okresach przypadały w okresach znaczących zmian u źrebiąt. Ponadto w większości badanych okresów, wykazano wpływ ojca na stężenie ATT u potomstwa. Uzyskane wyniki mogą być przydatne w celu wyjaśnienia różnic w koncentracji AAT w surowicy krwi u źrebiąt w okresie wczesnej ontogenezy która jest krytycznym okresem, mającym wpływ na wyniki użytkowe młodych koni

Resisting moral wiggle room: How robust is reciprocal behavior?

We provide the second mover in a trust game and a moonlighting game with an excuse for not reciprocating. While this type of manipulation has been shown to strongly reduce giving in the dictator game, we find that the availability of the excuse has no effect on the incidence of reciprocal behavior in these games. Our results cast doubt on the generalizability of previous dictator game findings and suggest that image concerns are not a key driver of reciprocal behavior

Two new separation schemes for the group isolation of rare earth elements (REE) from biological and other matrices and their determination by ICP-MS, NAA and chromatographic methods

Two new group separation schemes, based on ion exchange chromatography, for the selective and quantitative isolation of rare earth elements (REE) from accompanying elements, were devised. After checking their performance with the aid of radioactive tracers, the schemes were further used together with ICP-MS, NAA and ion exchange chromatography for the determination of Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu in two certified reference materials (CRMs). The results were compared with another series of analyses, where the REEs were determined directly, i.e. without pre-separation, by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It was demonstrated that while direct INAA and ICP-MS in most instances provide reliable results for the majority of REEs, for some elements, notably Sc, Yb and Tm in the cases of ICP-MS and INAA, respectively, systematic errors occur or may potentially occur

Influência de fatores genéticos e ambientais sobre as características produtivas no rebanho eqüino do Exército Brasileiro Genetic and environmental effects on production traits of an equine herd of the Brazilian army

Objetivou-se estimar parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos para peso e altura (4.860 registros) em cavalos de quatro grupos genéticos - Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH), Puro-Sangue Inglês (PSI), Hanoveriano (HAN) e Sem Raça Definida (SRD) - por meio de informações de 1629 animais do Exército Brasileiro coletadas entre 1977 e 2002. Foram considerados fixos os efeitos de ano e mês de nascimento, idade da mãe, sexo do potro, ano e mês de mensuração e grupo genético. O mês de nascimento não afetou a altura ou o peso na população, exceto nos animais mais velhos. O sexo influenciou a altura, mas não afetou o peso dos animais de 21 meses e dos adultos e a raça influenciou a altura somente nos animais de 18 a 21 meses de idade e nos adultos. A influência dos efeitos fixos foi menor nos animais BH que nos SRD. As herdabilidades para o peso dos animais BH foram altas nas diversas idades, mas foram baixas para a altura. O comportamento do peso e da altura foi semelhante para as raças BH e SRD. De modo geral, nos dois grupos genéticos (BH e SRD), a herdabilidade do peso aumentou conforme as faixas etárias.<br>This study aimed to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for weight and height (4860 records) of equines from four genetic groups: Brazilian Showjumper (BH), Thoroughbred (PSI), Hanoverian (HAN) and No Defined Breed (SRD). Data collected from 1977 to 2002 on 1629 animals was provided by the Brazilian Army. Models used for analyses included the fixed effects of month and year of foaling and measuring, age of dam, foal sex and genetic group. Foaling month did not affect height or weight of the horses, except for older animals. The sex effect influenced height but not weight of 21-month-old animals and adults. The genetic group influenced height between 18 and 21 months of age, as well as height of adults. BH was less influenced by environmental effects than SRD. Heritabilities for weights of BS were high at various ages, but were low for height. Overall, heritability estimates for weight of BH and SRD increased as age increased