Representing word context effect in Chinese character perception - an application of information theory

10.1007/BF00204661Biological Cybernetics656479-485BICY

A word selection model based on lexical semantic knowledge in English generation

Word selection is an vital factor to improve the quality of machine translation. This paper introduces a new model for word selection based on lexical semantic knowledge, which could deal with the problem significantly better. Meanwhile, the construction of the English lexical semantic knowledge base required for the model in our Chinese-English machine translation system is also discussed in detail

Prevalence of heroin and methamphetamine male users in the northern Taiwan, 1999–2002: capture-recapture estimates

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Illegal drug use and related problems have been emerging as an important public health issue in Taiwan. Via the capture-recapture approach, the present study aimed to offer insights into the size of heroin and methamphetamine male user population in the northern Taiwan during the period from 1999 to 2002.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Annual lists of male subjects were collated from both judiciary and medical systems in Taoyuan County, Taiwan. A total of 2809, 2486, 1661, and 1440 local male illegal drug users aged 15 to 54 years were identified in Taoyuan County from 1999 to 2002, respectively.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>An estimated number of 16192, 14532, 16844, and 11783 local male methamphetamine or heroin users were found in each of the four consecutive years in the region. From 1999 to 2002, the annual prevalence rate for heroin use was 0.27% (95% CI = 0.20%, 0.38%), 0.33% (95% CI = 0.25%, 0.44%), 0.63% (95% CI = 0.44%, 0.92%), and 0.72% (95% CI = 0.54%, 0.97%), respectively, suggesting a trend of significant increase (chi-square for linear trend = 1677.76, d.f. = 3, p < 0.0001). In contrast, a decreasing trend was found for methamphetamine (2.38%, 1.91%, 2.47%, and 1.24%), with a modest rebound in 2001. The prevalence rates of illegal drug use for male residents in Taoyuan County were approximately 2–3% during this period, and the scale of problem shows no sign of diminution.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>By taking advantage of existing datasets that were incomplete by each alone, the approach of capture-recapture model may be ultimately considered as a tool to estimate the scale of illegal drug use problems. The population of heroin-using males apparently is stably expanding in the northern part of Taiwan in the first years of 21^stcentury.</p