Retinoic acid inducible gene I Activates innate antiviral response against human parainfluenza virus type 3

Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is a respiratory paramyxovirus that infects lung epithelial cells to cause high morbidity among infants and children. To date, no effective vaccine or antiviral therapy exists for HPIV3 and therefore, it is important to study innate immune antiviral response induced by this virus in infected cells. Type-I interferons (IFN, interferon-α/β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα activated by NFκB) are potent antiviral cytokines that play an important role during innate immune antiviral response. A wide-spectrum of viruses utilizes pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RLH (RIG like helicases) receptors such as RIGI (retinoic acid inducible gene -I) and Mda5 to induce innate antiviral response. Previously it was shown that both TNFα and IFNβ are produced from HPIV3 infected cells. However, the mechanism by which infected cells activated innate response following HPIV3 infection was not known. In the current study, we demonstrated that RIGI serves as a PRR in HPIV3 infected cells to induce innate antiviral response by expressing IFNβ (via activation of interferon regulatory factor-3 or IRF3) and TNFα (via activation of NF-κB)

Impact of the use of immunoglobulin palivizumab in the State of São Paulo: a cohort study

ABSTRACT Introduction: the use of palivizumab as prophylaxis of the respiratory syncytial virus is not a consensus. In Brazil, it is a public health program, but other countries do not consider it cost-effective. Objective: to identify the rate of hospitalization in Intensive Care Unit for respiratory illness or symptoms among children who received the immunoglobulin palivizumab, the proportion of children who failed to take any of the recommended doses and the impact of that failure on hospitalization. Method: cohort study conducted with 693 children enrolled in the palivizumab program in 2014 (85.1% of the population), with monthly assessment from April to September through a telephone call to the mothers or caregiver. The probability of hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit related to failure in taking the palivizumab, was analyzed through multiple logistic regression, with p<0,05. Results: the hospitalization rate was 18.2%; 2.3% of the children did not receive all the recommended immunoglobulin doses; the probability of hospitalization for respiratory illness or symptoms increased by an average of 29% at each missed dose (p=0.007; OR=1.29, CI=1.07-1.56). Conclusion: the increase in the chance of hospitalization related to missed immunoglobulin doses indicates the need to implement health education actions and active search for absent children by the health services