Metal enrichment processes

There are many processes that can transport gas from the galaxies to their environment and enrich the environment in this way with metals. These metal enrichment processes have a large influence on the evolution of both the galaxies and their environment. Various processes can contribute to the gas transfer: ram-pressure stripping, galactic winds, AGN outflows, galaxy-galaxy interactions and others. We review their observational evidence, corresponding simulations, their efficiencies, and their time scales as far as they are known to date. It seems that all processes can contribute to the enrichment. There is not a single process that always dominates the enrichment, because the efficiencies of the processes vary strongly with galaxy and environmental properties.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews, special issue "Clusters of galaxies: beyond the thermal view", Editor J.S. Kaastra, Chapter 17; work done by an international team at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI), Bern, organised by J.S. Kaastra, A.M. Bykov, S. Schindler & J.A.M. Bleeke

Exigência de metionina + cistina digestíveis em suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg Digestible methionine + cystine requeriment of high genetical potential barrows in the phase from 60 to 95 kg

O experimento foi conduzido para determinação da exigência de metionina + cistina digestíveis de suínos de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg. Foram utilizados 70 suínos machos castrados, híbridos comerciais com mesmo padrão genético, com peso inicial de 60,00 &plusmn; 1,13 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco níveis de metionina + cistina digestíveis (0,440; 0,464; 0,488; 0,512 e 0,536%), correspondentes, respectivamente, às relações de 55,0; 58,0; 61,0; 64,0 e 67,0% de metionina + cistina digestíveis:lisina digestível na dieta, sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais e a água foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do período experimental, quando os animais atingiram 94,95 &plusmn; 0,50 kg. Os níveis de metionina + cistina digestíveis da ração influenciaram o ganho de peso, que aumentou de forma linear até o nível de 0,536%, e a conversão alimentar e a quantidade de carne magra, que melhoraram de forma quadrática até os níveis estimados de 0,506 e 0,507%, respectivamente. O consumo de metionina + cistina digestíveis aumentou de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de metionina + cistina na dieta. Não houve efeito dos níveis de metionina + cistina sobre o consumo diário de ração, a espessura de toucinho, o rendimento de carcaça e a porcentagem de carne magra na carcaça. Suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na carcaça exigem na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg 0,507% de metionina + cistina digestíveis, correspondentes à relação de metionina + cistina digestíveis:lisina digestível na ração de 63,0%, para melhor conversão alimentar e maior quantidade de carne magra na carcaça.<br>The experiment was conduced to determine the requirements of digestible methionine + cystine of barrows with high potential genetic for lean meat deposition from 60 to 95 kg. Seventy hybrid commercial barrows with the same genetic pattern, with initial average weight of 60.00 &plusmn; 1.13 kg, were allotted to a randomized experimental blocks design with five digestible methionine and cystine levels (0.440; 0.464; 0.488; 0.512 and 0.536%), corresponding, respectively, to 55.0; 58.0; 61.0, 64.0 and 67.0% of methionine and cystine: digestible lysine in the diet, seven replicates and two animals by experimental unity. The experimental diets and the water were ad libitum supplied until the end of experimental period when the animals reached an average weight of 94.95 &plusmn; 0.50 kg. The digestible methionine and cystine levels of ration influenced the daily weight gain that linearly increased up to the level of 0.536 %, and feed:gain and lean meat amount, which improved by a quadratic way up to the levels of 0.506 and 0.507%, respectively. The digestible methionine and cystine intake linearly increased with the increase digestible methionine and cystine levels in the diet. There was no effect of the digestible methionine and cystine levels on feed intake, backfat thickness, carcass yield and percentage lean meat in the carcass. Barrows from 60 to 95 kg with high potential genetic for lean meat deposition in the carcass requiring 0.507% digestible methionine and cystine, corresponding to digestible methionine and cystine:digestible lysine in the ration of 63.0% for a better feed:gain and lean meat amount in the carcass