Metal enrichment processes

There are many processes that can transport gas from the galaxies to their environment and enrich the environment in this way with metals. These metal enrichment processes have a large influence on the evolution of both the galaxies and their environment. Various processes can contribute to the gas transfer: ram-pressure stripping, galactic winds, AGN outflows, galaxy-galaxy interactions and others. We review their observational evidence, corresponding simulations, their efficiencies, and their time scales as far as they are known to date. It seems that all processes can contribute to the enrichment. There is not a single process that always dominates the enrichment, because the efficiencies of the processes vary strongly with galaxy and environmental properties.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews, special issue "Clusters of galaxies: beyond the thermal view", Editor J.S. Kaastra, Chapter 17; work done by an international team at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI), Bern, organised by J.S. Kaastra, A.M. Bykov, S. Schindler & J.A.M. Bleeke

Bright Opportunities for Atmospheric Characterization of Small Planets: Masses and Radii of K2-3 b, c, and d and GJ3470 b from Radial Velocity Measurements and Spitzer Transits

We report improved masses, radii, and densities for four planets in two bright M-dwarf systems, K2-3 and GJ3470, derived from a combination of new radial velocity and transit observations. Supplementing K2 photometry with follow-up Spitzer transit observations refined the transit ephemerides of K2-3 b, c, and d by over a factor of 10. We analyze ground-based photometry from the Evryscope and Fairborn Observatory to determine the characteristic stellar activity timescales for our Gaussian Process fit, including the stellar rotation period and activity region decay timescale. The stellar rotation signals for both stars are evident in the radial velocity data and is included in our fit using a Gaussian process trained on the photometry. We find the masses of K2-3 b, K2-3 c, and GJ3470 b to be 6.48, 2.14, and 12.58 M ⊕, respectively. K2-3 d was not significantly detected and has a 3σ upper limit of 2.80 M ⊕ . These two systems are training cases for future TESS systems; due to the low planet densities (ρ < 3.7 g cm -3 ) and bright host stars (K < 9 mag), they are among the best candidates for transmission spectroscopy in order to characterize the atmospheric compositions of small planets

Exigência de lisina digestível e planos de nutrição para frangos de corte machos mantendo as relações metionina + cistina e treonina digestível na proteína ideal Digestible lysine requirements for male broilers keeping methionine + cystine and threonine ratios in the ideal protein

Um estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a exigência de lisina digestível e planos nutricionais para frangos de corte machos de alto potencial genético. Quatrocentos e noventa e cinco pintos de um dia, da marca comercial Cobb, com peso médio inicial de 45,6 &plusmn; 0,3g foram utilizados, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três dietas contendo diferentes níveis de lisina digestível, nove repetições e onze aves por unidade experimental para determinar o melhor nível de lisina para a fase pré-incial (1 a 7 dias de idade) e o melhor plano nutricional para o período total (1 a 21 dias de idade). Os níveis de lisina não influenciaram o consumo de ração das aves. O consumo de lisina digestível aumentou de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis deste aminoácido na ração. O ganho de peso aumentou e a conversão alimentar melhorou de forma quadrática com o aumento dos níveis de lisina digestível. A exigência de lisina digestível de pintos de 1 a 21 dias de idade para melhor ganho de peso e conversão é de 1,30 e 1,29% de lisina digestível, respectivamente, correspondendo aos consumos estimados de 2,68 e 2,64g de lisina digestível. O Plano nutricional PN3 atende as exigências nutricionais de frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade.<br>A study was conducted to evaluate the requirement of digestible lysine and nutrition plans for broilers with high genetic potential. Four hundred and ninety five one-day-old Cobb chicks with initial average weight of 45.6g&plusmn;0.3g were used, allotted in a completely randomized design with three diets containing different levels of lysine, nine replicates, and 11 birds per experimental unit, to determine the best lysine level for the pre-starter phase (1 to 7 days old) and the best nutritional plan for the total period (1 to 21 days of age). Lysine levels did not influence broilers' feed intake. The digestible lysine intake increased linearly with increasing levels of this amino acid in the diet. Weight gain and feed conversion improved quadratically by increasing dietary levels of lysine. Digestible lysine requirement of 1-to-7-day-old male broilers is 1.30 and 1.29% for best weight gain and feed conversion, respectively, corresponding to intakes of 2.68 and 2.64g digestible lysine. The nutritional plan PN3 meets the nutritional needs of male broilers from 1 to 21 days of age

Exigência de metionina + cistina digestíveis em suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg Digestible methionine + cystine requeriment of high genetical potential barrows in the phase from 60 to 95 kg

O experimento foi conduzido para determinação da exigência de metionina + cistina digestíveis de suínos de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg. Foram utilizados 70 suínos machos castrados, híbridos comerciais com mesmo padrão genético, com peso inicial de 60,00 &plusmn; 1,13 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco níveis de metionina + cistina digestíveis (0,440; 0,464; 0,488; 0,512 e 0,536%), correspondentes, respectivamente, às relações de 55,0; 58,0; 61,0; 64,0 e 67,0% de metionina + cistina digestíveis:lisina digestível na dieta, sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais e a água foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do período experimental, quando os animais atingiram 94,95 &plusmn; 0,50 kg. Os níveis de metionina + cistina digestíveis da ração influenciaram o ganho de peso, que aumentou de forma linear até o nível de 0,536%, e a conversão alimentar e a quantidade de carne magra, que melhoraram de forma quadrática até os níveis estimados de 0,506 e 0,507%, respectivamente. O consumo de metionina + cistina digestíveis aumentou de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de metionina + cistina na dieta. Não houve efeito dos níveis de metionina + cistina sobre o consumo diário de ração, a espessura de toucinho, o rendimento de carcaça e a porcentagem de carne magra na carcaça. Suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na carcaça exigem na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg 0,507% de metionina + cistina digestíveis, correspondentes à relação de metionina + cistina digestíveis:lisina digestível na ração de 63,0%, para melhor conversão alimentar e maior quantidade de carne magra na carcaça.<br>The experiment was conduced to determine the requirements of digestible methionine + cystine of barrows with high potential genetic for lean meat deposition from 60 to 95 kg. Seventy hybrid commercial barrows with the same genetic pattern, with initial average weight of 60.00 &plusmn; 1.13 kg, were allotted to a randomized experimental blocks design with five digestible methionine and cystine levels (0.440; 0.464; 0.488; 0.512 and 0.536%), corresponding, respectively, to 55.0; 58.0; 61.0, 64.0 and 67.0% of methionine and cystine: digestible lysine in the diet, seven replicates and two animals by experimental unity. The experimental diets and the water were ad libitum supplied until the end of experimental period when the animals reached an average weight of 94.95 &plusmn; 0.50 kg. The digestible methionine and cystine levels of ration influenced the daily weight gain that linearly increased up to the level of 0.536 %, and feed:gain and lean meat amount, which improved by a quadratic way up to the levels of 0.506 and 0.507%, respectively. The digestible methionine and cystine intake linearly increased with the increase digestible methionine and cystine levels in the diet. There was no effect of the digestible methionine and cystine levels on feed intake, backfat thickness, carcass yield and percentage lean meat in the carcass. Barrows from 60 to 95 kg with high potential genetic for lean meat deposition in the carcass requiring 0.507% digestible methionine and cystine, corresponding to digestible methionine and cystine:digestible lysine in the ration of 63.0% for a better feed:gain and lean meat amount in the carcass