Constraints from Unrealistic Vacua in Supersymmetric Standard Model with Neutrino Mass Operators

We analyze a scalar potential of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) with neutrino mass operators along Unbounded-From-Below (UFB) and Color and/or Charged Breaking (CCB) directions. We show necessary conditions to avoid the potential minima which can be deeper than the realistic vacuum. These conditions would constrain more strongly than conditions in the MSSM without taking into account neutrino mass operators, and can improve the predictive power of supersymmetric models with neutrino mass operators.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Slow relaxation to equipartition in spring-chain systems

In this study, one-dimensional systems of masses connected by springs, i.e., spring-chain systems, are investigated numerically. The average kinetic energy of chain-end particles of these systems is larger than that of other particles, which is similar to the behavior observed for systems made of masses connected by rigid links. The energetic motion of the end particles is, however, transient, and the system relaxes to thermal equilibrium after a while, where the average kinetic energy of each particle is the same, that is, equipartition of energy is achieved. This is in contrast to the case of systems made of masses connected by rigid links, where the energetic motion of the end particles is observed in equilibrium. The timescale of relaxation estimated by simulation increases rapidly with increasing spring constant. The timescale is also estimated using the Boltzmann-Jeans theory and is found to be in quite good agreement with that obtained by the simulation

Energetic motion of end-particles in constrained dynamical systems

We propose a planar chain system, which is a simple mechanical system with a constraint. It is composed of N masses connected by N - 1 light links. It can be considered as a model of a chain system, e.g., a polymer, in which each bond is replaced by a rigid link. The long time average of the kinetic energies of the masses in this model is numerically computed. It is found that the average kinetic energies of the masses are different and masses near the ends of the chain have large energies. We derive an approximate expression for the average kinetic energy, which is in qualitative agreement with the numerical results

Vertical structure in convective clouds producing graupels and snowflake aggregates

This paper describes the vertical air motion and evolution of snow particles in snow clouds that bring heavy snowfall to the north-east coast of the Sea of Japan in winter. The vertical winds are investigated in detail by single Doppler radar and by simultaneous measurement of particle diameter and fall velocity at the radar site. Graupels were formed near the cloud top where updraft was prevailing; they fell in the downdraft region below the cloud base. The downdraft was probably produced by drag force of falling graupels. On the other hand, aggregates grew slowly in comparatively weak updrafts between the cloud top and the ground. When the cloud top was high and the number concentration of the particles was large, the ratio of large aggregates increased because particles aggregate themselves while falling a long distance

Characteristics and seasonal variations of precipitation phenomena at Syowa Station

Long-term observations of precipitating clouds were carried out by a vertical pointing radar, PPI radar and a 37 GHz microwave radiometer at Syowa Station (69°00′S, 39°35′E), Antarctica in 1989. It is concluded from the observations that precipitation near Syowa Station, Antarctica is mainly brought by cloud vortices associated with extratropical cyclones which advance to high latitude while developing to a mature stage. The seasonal variations of clouds and precipitation were analyzed corresponding to the seasonal changes of air temperature and sea ice area. The occurrence frequencies of cloud vortices which brought snowfall to Syowa Station increased in the fall and spring seasons corresponding to activity of the circumpolar trough. However, the activities of cloud systems that bring precipitation weaken in spring when the sea ice area expands to low latitudes, because of less supply of heat and vapor. In 1989,the amount of precipitation in spring brought by a few snowfall events was as large as the amount of precipitation in fall brought by frequent snowfall events. Radar observations revealed that there were three abundant snowfall seasons at Syowa Station and the amount of snowfall was uniform in all seasons except summer. The amounts of precipitation in fall, winter and spring were 74,74 and 53mm respectively

Dynamically induced conformation depending on excited normal modes of fast oscillation

We present dynamical effects on conformation in a simple bead-spring model consisting of three beads connected by two stiff springs. The conformation defined by the bending angle between the two springs is determined not only by a given potential energy function depending on the bending angle, but also by fast motion of the springs which constructs the effective potential. A conformation corresponding with a local minimum of the effective potential is hence called the dynamically induced conformation. We develop a theory to derive the effective potential using multiple-scale analysis and the averaging method. A remarkable consequence is that the effective potential depends on the excited normal modes of the springs and amount of the spring energy. Efficiency of the obtained effective potential is numerically verified