Septesinus gibsoni n. g., n. sp (Monocotylidae: Heterocotylinae), from the gills of Himantura walga (Dasyatidae) off Sarawak, Borneo

Septesinus gibsoni n. g., n. sp. (Monocotylidae: Heterocotylinae) is described from the gills of the dwarf whipray Himantura walga (Müller & Henle) collected in marine waters off Sarawak (Borneo), Malaysia. Septesinus n. g. is distinguished from other genera in the Monocotylidae by a combination of characters, including a haptor with one central and seven peripheral loculi, the presence of a highly sinuous ridge surmounting all haptoral septa, four rounded accessory structures on the dorsal surface of the haptor, and the anterior region with two pairs of anteromedian and three pairs of anterolateral gland-duct openings. Septesinus n. g. is accommodated in the Heterocotylinae. Septesinus gibsoni n. sp. is described and fully illustrated, and a key to the genera of Heterocotylinae is provided. The composition of the ridges surrounding the mouth of a number of heterocotyline species and their usefulness as a taxonomic character are examined. The identity of four specimens of Monocotyle Taschenberg, 1878, also recovered from the gills of this host species, is discussed.Leslie A. Chishol

Caracterização agronômica e pós-colheita das bananeiras 'Maravilha' e 'Preciosa' no Submédio do Vale São Francisco

RESUMO A caracterização e a avaliação de novos genótipos de bananeira é uma etapa importante, tanto para os programas de melhoramento genético quanto para a indicação aos produtores. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção e a qualidade de frutos, em pós-colheita, das bananeiras 'Maravilha' e 'Preciosa', no primeiro e segundo ciclo de produção, cultivadas no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco. As mudas, produzidas por cultura de tecidos, foram transplantadas para o campo com seis meses de idade, cultivadas no espaçamento de 3 x 3 m. Nos dois ciclos avaliados, para todas as características, foi adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (cultivares), dez repetições e duas plantas úteis por parcela, com bordadura externa ao ensaio. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: ciclo de produção (dias entre plantio e colheita), altura de planta, perímetro do pseudocaule, número de folhas adultas, massa da matéria fresca do cacho, número de pencas e de frutos por cacho, massa da matéria fresca da segunda penca; número, comprimento e diâmetro de frutos da segunda penca, relação polpa/casca, firmeza, pH, teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT) e relação SS/AT. O cultivar 'Maravilha' apresentou características de planta e de produção superiores às do 'Preciosa'; quanto às características físico-químicas, o 'Preciosa' apresentou frutos com maiores teores de açúcares, todavia, menores em tamanho; para as demais características, os dois cultivares apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes entre si, no primeiro e no segundo ciclo de produção

Latitudinal Variation of a Defensive Symbiosis in the Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) Sibling Species Complex

Mutualistic relationships are beneficial for both partners and are often studied within a single environment. However, when the range of the partners is large, geographical differences in selective pressure may shift the relationship outcome from positive to negative. The marine bryozoan Bugula neritina is a colonial invertebrate common in temperate waters worldwide. It is the source of bioactive polyketide metabolites, the bryostatins. Evidence suggests that an uncultured vertically transmitted symbiont, "Candidatus Endobugula sertula", hosted by B. neritina produces the bryostatins, which protect the vulnerable larvae from predation. Studies of B. neritina along the North American Atlantic coast revealed a complex of two morphologically similar sibling species separated by an apparent biogeographic barrier: the Type S sibling species was found below Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, while Type N was found above. Interestingly, the Type N colonies lack "Ca. Endobugula sertula" and, subsequently, defensive bryostatins; their documented northern distribution was consistent with traditional biogeographical paradigms of latitudinal variation in predation pressure. Upon further sampling of B. neritina populations, we found that both host types occur in wider distribution, with Type N colonies living south of Cape Hatteras, and Type S to the north. Distribution of the symbiont, however, was not restricted to Type S hosts. Genetic and microscopic evidence demonstrates the presence of the symbiont in some Type N colonies, and larvae from these colonies are endowed with defensive bryostatins and contain "Ca. Endobugula sertula". Molecular analysis of the symbiont from Type N colonies suggests an evolutionarily recent acquisition, which is remarkable for a symbiont thought to be transmitted only vertically. Furthermore, most Type S colonies found at higher latitudes lack the symbiont, suggesting that this host-symbiont relationship is more flexible than previously thought. Our data suggest that the symbiont, but not the host, is restricted by biogeographical boundaries