Uncertainty in soil physical data at river basin scale

International audienceFor hydrological modelling studies at the river basin scale, decision makers need guidance in assessing the implications of uncertain data used by modellers as an input to modelling tools. Simulated solute transport through the unsaturated zone is associated with uncertainty due to spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties and derived hydraulic model parameters. In general for modelling studies at the river basin scale spatially available data at various scales must be aggregated to an appropriate scale. Estimating soil properties at unsampled points by means of geostatistical techniques require reliable information on the spatial structure of soil data. In this paper this information is assessed by reviewing current developments in the field of soil physical data uncertainty and adopting a classification system. Then spatial variability and structure is inspected by reviewing experimental work on determining spatial length scales for soil physical (and soil chemical) data. Available literature on spatial length scales for soil physical- and chemical properties is reviewed and their use in facilitating change of spatial support discussed. Uncertainty associated to the derivation of hydraulic properties from soil physical properties in this context is also discussed

The Many Faces of Capua:Its Narrative and Programmatic Roles in Punica 11-13

In Silius Italicus' Punica, the city of Capua has a complex identity. This article analyses Capua's narratological and programmatic functions in the epic, through exploring three ways in which Capua serves as a mirror: a mirror of the present as representative of Carthage, a mirror of the past as heir of Troy, and a mirror of the future as parallel for the later Rome during the civil war. Since Capua's narrative may be considered a microcosm for the entire epic, it sheds light on the ideological content of the poem as a whole