Impact of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on the Functional Diversity of Bacterial Communities Associated with Decaying Wood.

Bacteria and fungi naturally coexist in various environments including forest ecosystems. While the role of saprotrophic basidiomycetes in wood decomposition is well established, the influence of these fungi on the functional diversity of the wood-associated bacterial communities has received much less attention. Based on a microcosm experiment, we tested the hypothesis that both the presence of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the wood, as a growth substrate, impacted the functional diversity of these bacterial communities. Microcosms containing sterile sawdust were inoculated with a microbial inoculum extracted from a forest soil, in presence or in absence of P. chrysosporium and subsequently, three enrichment steps were performed. First, bacterial strains were isolated from different microcosms previously analyzed by 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing. Strains isolated from P. chrysosporium mycosphere showed less antagonism against this fungus compared to the strains isolated from the initial forest soil inoculum, suggesting a selection by the fungus of less inhibitory bacterial communities. Moreover, the presence of the fungus in wood resulted in a selection of cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacterial strains, highlighting the role of mycospheric bacteria in wood decomposition. Additionally, the proportion of siderophore-producing bacteria increased along the enrichment steps, suggesting an important role of bacteria in iron mobilization in decaying-wood. Finally, taxonomic identification of 311 bacterial isolates revealed, at the family level, strong similarities with the high-throughput sequencing data as well as with other studies in terms of taxonomic composition of the wood-associated bacterial community, highlighting that the isolated strains are representative of the wood-associated bacterial communities

Metabolic profiles of 125 bacterial strains randomly selected in the 5 treatments (E0, E1B, E1BF, E3B, E3BF) (<i>n</i> = 25).

<p>The heatmap shows the 51/95 substrates with statistically significant differences between treatments (enrichment step E x presence (BF) or absence (B) of <i>P</i>. <i>chrysosporium</i>) (ANOVA, <i>p</i><0.05).</p

16S rRNA gene-based dendrogram generated from the UPGMA clustering based on unweighted UniFrac distances.

<p>Branches are proportional to this distance. <i>n</i> = 25 sequences per treatment.</p

Capabilities of the strains able to grow on the selective media to use different substrates.

<p>Different letters above barplots indicate significant difference based on glm under a binomial distribution (<i>p</i><0.05). <b>A.</b> Cellulolytic activity on carboxymethyl-cellulose medium. <i>n</i> = 25 bacterial strains per treatment with 3 replicates per strain. <b>B.</b> Xylanolytic activity on beechwood xylan medium. <i>n</i> = 25 bacterial strains per treatment with 3 replicates per strain. <b>C.</b> Siderophore production assay on CAS medium. <i>n</i> = 22 bacterial strains for E0, <i>n</i> = 10 for E1B, <i>n</i> = 18 for E1BF, <i>n</i> = 19 for E3B, <i>n</i> = 22 for E3BF; with 3 replicates for each strain. Variation in the number of strains is due to the fact that not all strains could grow on CAS medium.</p

Bacterial-fungal confrontations after 66 hours of incubation.

<p>Different letters above boxplots indicate significant difference based on ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test (<i>p</i><0.05). <b>A.</b> Ratio R (ratio of the diameter of the fungal colony growing in the direction of the bacterial colonies over the diameter of the colony growing in the orthogonal direction, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0147100#sec002" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>) of the fungal growth in presence of one bacterial strain, as a function of the treatment. <i>n</i> = 25 bacterial strains per treatment with 5 replicates per strain. Control corresponded to <i>P</i>. <i>chrysosporium</i> growing alone. <b>B.</b> Relationships between the genus of the bacterial strains and the effect on the fungal growth based on the R ratio. For <i>Burkholderia</i>, <i>n</i> = 90 strains; for <i>Collimonas</i>, <i>n</i> = 3; for <i>Dyella</i>, <i>n</i> = 8; for <i>Luteibacter</i>, <i>n</i> = 23. <i>Cupriavidus</i> was excluded from the analysis because <i>n</i> = 1.</p

A Modified Delphi Consensus Study of the Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia

OBJECTIVE: A nominal group process followed by a modified Delphi method was used to survey expert opinions on best practices for tardive dyskinesia (TD) screening, diagnosis, and treatment and to identify areas lacking in clinical evidence. PARTICIPANTS: A steering committee of 11 TD experts met in nominal group format to prioritize questions to be addressed and identify core bibliographic materials and criteria for survey panelists. Of 60 invited experts, 29 (23 psychiatrists and 6 neurologists) agreed to participate. EVIDENCE: A targeted literature search of PubMed (search term: tardive dyskinesia) and recommendations of the steering committee were used to generate core bibliographic material. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) review articles, meta-analyses, guidelines, or clinical trials; (2) publication in English between 2007 and 2017; (3) \u3e 3 pages in length; and (4) publication in key clinical journals with impact factors ≥ 2.0. Of 29 references that met these criteria, 18 achieved a score ≥ 5 (calculated as the number of steering committee votes multiplied by journal impact factor and number of citations divided by years since publication) and were included. CONSENSUS PROCESS: Two survey rounds were conducted anonymously through electronic media from November 2017 to January 2018; responses were collected, collated, and analyzed. Respondent agreement was defined a priori as unanimous (100%), consensus (75%-99%), or majority (50%-74%). For questions using a 5-point Likert scale, agreement was based on percentage of respondents choosing ≥ 4 ( agree completely or agree ). Round 1 survey included questions on TD screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Round 2 questions were refined per panelist feedback and excluded Round 1 questions with \u3c 25% agreement and \u3e 75% agreement (unless feedback suggested further investigation). CONCLUSIONS: Consensus was reached that (1) a brief, clinical assessment for TD should be performed at every clinical encounter in patients taking antipsychotics; (2) even mild movements in 1 body area may represent possible TD; (3) management requires an overall evaluation of treatment, including reassessment of antipsychotics and anticholinergics as well as consideration of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors; and (4) informed discussions with patients/caregivers are essential