The State Relationship with Religion:defined through disciplinary procedures of accounting and regulation

State regulation of charities is increasing. Nevertheless, although religious entities also pursue charitable objectives, jurisdictions often regulate them differently. In some states (including England until recently), the church (religious charities) are not called to account for their common-good contribution, despite owning significant assets and receiving public and government income. These regulatory and accounting variations emanate from a state’s historically informed positional relationship with religion, which may be discordant against increasing religious pluralism and citizens’ commonly-held beliefs. To open a debate on state–church relationships within the accounting history literature, this article analyses changes in England since 1534. It utilises a state–church framework from Monsma and Soper, combined with an application and extension of Foucauldian governmentality. The longitudinal study shows direct and indirect governmentality tools change with the state–church relationship. Such harmonisation of regulatory approach relies on citizens/entities subverting imposition of state demands which fail to meet their concept of common-good

Medicine and poverty : a study of the Poor Law medical services of the Leicester Union, 1867-1914

This thesis presents a micro-study of the poor law medical services provided by a large provincial union in a rapidly growing industrial town during the central phase of poor law administration. The poor law medical service has been perceived as a second-class service that stigmatised and exploited both medical staff and patients. Working conditions for medical officers were arduous and unrewarding and sick paupers either received limited outdoor medical relief or were treated in institutions that were designed and managed on principles of deterrence and economy. Yet posts were competitively sought after by doctors, who often remained in the service for many years, and it could be argued that sick paupers at least received medical treatment that would otherwise have been denied them. This thesis focuses on local detail and personalities within the Leicester union to provide an insight into the reality of the service as experienced by the medical staff and patients. The thesis begins with a review of the historiographies of the social history of nineteenth-century medicine and the new poor law. Chapter 2 provides the context of the study by explaining the national framework of the poor law medical services and describing the social and economic circumstances of Leicester and its union. The remaining chapters present a thematic exploration of the medical care and treatment provided. Chapters 3 and 4 offer a detailed assessment of the working conditions and practices of the medical officers. Poor law nurses undertook the daily care of workhouse patients, and Chapter 5 explores how nursing developed at this union during this lengthy period. Having considered the providers of medical care, Chapters 6, 7 and 8 examine the perspective of the recipients: the general patients, children, and insane and epileptic patients. Chapter 9 focuses upon the transition at the beginning of the twentieth century from the workhouse-based infirmary to a purpose-built modern separate infirmary. The final chapter concludes that the stereotypical image of poor law medicine has been confounded by some of the evidence offered in this thesis which has revealed a more nuanced and balanced view than previously of the benefits and deficiencies of the poor law medical services.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Angels in English and Welsh churchyard and cemetery memorials, 1660–2020

Churchyard and cemetery memorials are increasingly important to historians for themes such as family and community history, demography, artistic styles, and changing attitudes to mortality. In this article, via analysis of 250 Anglican, Nonconformist and cemetery burial sites in England and Wales, the authors investigate the use of angels and cherubs as gravestone features and look closely at the chronology of such representations. Building on historical, ecclesiastical and literary scholarship, they shed light on the phenomenon of these ‘winged beings’ as grave markers, and evaluate well over 1,000 memorials to reveal distinctive trends affecting gender, changing styles, and survivals. The authors consider denominational and Welsh-English cultural differences, and highlight an extraordinary array of angelic/cherub representation in gendered child and adult gravestones from the early modern period into the twenty-first century. Memorialisation via angels long survived the Reformation and is flourishing today - the article discusses why