15 research outputs found
Premature browning in cooked ground beef after modifying myoglobin
Some ground beef patties developed an
internal, brown cooked color and looked well-done
at temperatures as low as 131 ÌŠF, whereas
normal patties were re d to pink. The premature
brown color was not relate d to percent fat; patty
compaction; animal source and maturity; pH
(5.5 to 5.8); or concentrations of raw patty
heme and nonhemeiron, myoglobin, and total
pigment. Because oxidation-reduction potential
and total reducing activities were higher (P<.05)
and TBA numbers were lower (P<.05) in
normal than prematurely brown patties, the
brown color is apparently related to greater
patty oxidation
Use of visual appearance as an indicator of degree of doneness in ground beef patties
Outbreaks of food-borne illness have
emphasized the need for proper cooking of
ground beef patties. Because of difficulties in
measuring internal temperature of ground beef
patties, visual indicators usually are used to
estimate degree of doneness. As internal
temperature increases from 130 to 170 ÌŠF, the
internal appearance is expected to change from
very red to brown and juice color from red to
clear. Based on ground beef patties from
three sources, we found that internal color
over-estimated internal temperature. Expressible
juice decreased in redness as internal
temperature increased but did not run clear
even at temperatures over 160 ÌŠF. Regardless,
expressible juice color was a better indicator
of degree of doneness than internal color
Factors affecting premature browning in cooked ground beef
Some ground beef patties developed an
internal, brown cooked color and looked well-done
at temperatures as low as 13 1EF, whereas
normal patties were re d to pink. The premature
brown color was not relate d to percent fat; patty
compaction; animal source and maturity; pH
(5.5 to 5.8); or concentrations of raw patty
heme and nonhemeiron, myoglobin, and total
pigment. Because oxidation-reduction potential
and total reducing activities were higher (P<.05)
and TBA numbers were lower (P<.05) in
normal than prematurely brown patties, the
brown color is apparently related to greater
patty oxidation
Effects of modified atmosphere packaging and carcass chill rate on pork loins
Use of 10% oxygen in a modified gas atmosphere package resulted in more off-odor,
higher microbial counts, and a less desirably colored loin and loin chops. Furthermore, it reduced chop display life and is not recommended
Bone-in pork loins: modified atmosphere packaging to extend shelf-life
Modified atmosphere packaging with 100% carbon dioxide was used to investigate changes in daily gas composition, as well as the influence of fat trim level and location of loin in the box on shelf life characteristics. Length of storage was the primary factor influencing shelf life of whole loins and their retail chops. Although microbial qualities was acceptable in
loins stored up to d 19, sirloin and blade discoloration was obvious at 11-13 d. Storage for more than 11 d reduced the display life of retail chops to 1-2 d. Shelf life characteristics of bone-in pork loins were superior with this packaging system compared to more traditional systems
NK cells and monocytes modulate primary HTLV-1 infection
We investigated the impact of monocytes, NK cells, and CD8+ T-cells in primary HTLV-1 infection by depleting cell subsets and exposing macaques to either HTLV-1 wild type (HTLV-1WT) or to the HTLV-1p12KO mutant unable to infect replete animals due to a single point mutation in orf-I that inhibits its expression. The orf-I encoded p8/p12 proteins counteract cytotoxic NK and CD8+ T-cells and favor viral DNA persistence in monocytes. Double NK and CD8+ T-cells or CD8 depletion alone accelerated seroconversion in all animals exposed to HTLV-1WT. In contrast, HTLV-1p12KO infectivity was fully restored only when NK cells were also depleted, demonstrating a critical role of NK cells in primary infection. Monocyte/macrophage depletion resulted in accelerated seroconversion in all animals exposed to HTLV-1WT, but antibody titers to the virus were low and not sustained. Seroconversion did not occur in most animals exposed to HTLV-1p12KO. In vitro experiments in human primary monocytes or THP-1 cells comparing HTLV-1WT and HTLV-1p12KO demonstrated that orf-I expression is associated with inhibition of inflammasome activation in primary cells, with increased CD47 "don't-eat-me signal" surface expression in virus infected cells and decreased monocyte engulfment of infected cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate a critical role for innate NK cells in primary infection and suggest a dual role of monocytes in primary infection. On one hand, orf-I expression increases the chances of viral transmission by sparing infected cells from efferocytosis, and on the other may protect the engulfed infected cells by modulating inflammasome activation. These data also suggest that, once infection is established, the stoichiometry of orf-I expression may contribute to the chronic inflammation observed in HTLV-1 infection by modulating monocyte efferocytosis.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe