Diffracted diffraction radiation and its application to beam diagnostics

We present theoretical considerations for diffracted diffraction radiation and also propose an application of this process to diagnosing ultra-relativistic electron (positron) beams for the first tim

Ultra relativistic electron beam spatial size estimation from angular distribution of their radiation in thin crystals

The use of ultra relativistic electron (positron) emission in thin crystals to estimate particle beam spatial sizes for projected electron-positron colliders is proposed. The existing position-sensitive X-ray range detectors and the average path of secondary electrons in a detector restrict the minimum value of the measured beam size to a level of approximately 10 μm, which is far greater than the planned sizes of collider beams. We propose to estimate the electron (positron) beam divergence over the diffracted transition radiation from angular distribution measurements. The spatial size can be obtained from the calculated beam emittance or the experimental emittance, which is measured during the earlier stage of acceleration using optical methods. The problem of crystal destruction under the influence of a high intensity electron beam is discussed. The use of surface parametric X-ray radiation, where the problem of crystal destruction is almost absent, to measure the electron beam parameters is discussed.Пропонується використовувати випромінювання ультрарелятивістських електронів (позитронів) у тонких кристалах для оцінки розмірів пучків електрон-позитронних колайдерів, що проектуються. Існуючі позиційно-чутливі детектори рентгенівського діапазону і середній пробіг вторинних електронів у детекторі обмежують мінімальне значення вимірюваного розміру пучка величиною близько 10 мкм, що набагато більше планованих розмірів пучків колайдера. Пропонується оцінювати розбіжність пучка за кутовим розподілам дифрагованого перехідного випромінювання. Поперечні розміри можуть бути отримані з розрахованого або виміряного значень емітанса пучка, який визначається на ранніх стадіях прискорення з використанням оптичних методів. Обговорюється проблема руйнування кристала під дією електронного пучка. Пропонується для вимірювання параметрів електронних пучків використовувати поверхневе параметричне рентгенівське випромінювання, де проблема руйнування кристала повністю відсутня.Предлагается использовать излучение ультрарелятивистских электронов (позитронов) в тонких кристаллах для оценки размеров пучков проектируемых электрон-позитронных коллайдеров. Существующие позиционно-чувствительные детекторы рентгеновского диапазона и средний пробег вторичных электронов в детекторе ограничивают минимальное значение измеряемого размера пучка величиной порядка 10 мкм, что гораздо больше планируемых размеров пучков коллайдера. Предлагается оценивать расходимость пучка по угловым распределениям дифрагированного переходного излучения. Поперечные размеры могут быть получены из рассчитанного или измеренного значений эмиттанса пучка, определяемого на ранних стадиях ускорения с использованием оптических методов. Обсуждается проблема разрушения кристалла под действием электронного пучка. Предлагается для измерения параметров электронных пучков использовать поверхностное параметрическое рентгеновское излучение, где проблема разрушения кристалла полностью отсутствует

Ultrarelativistic electron beam spatial size estimation from angular distribution emission in thin crystals

The use of ultrarelativistic electron (positron) emission in thin crystals to estimate particle beam spatial sizes for projected electron–positron colliders is proposed.The existing position-sensitive X-ray range detectors restrict the minimum value of the measured beam size to a level of approximately 10 μm, which is far greater than the planned sizes of collider beam

Proposal for a procedure for measuring the transverse dimensions of a beam of relativistic electrons with a small longitudinal size

The possibility of implementing a previously proposed procedure for determining the beam dimensions at a target is analyzed; it includes the measurement of two-dimensional angular distributions of the coherent radiation of fast electrons for two distances between a crystal, where radiation is generated, and a coordinate detector. The use of two mechanisms of parametric X-ray radiation and diffracted transition radiation is considered. The limits of the method sensitivity and the influence of the departure of secondary electrons and photons on them are discusse

Предложение методики измерения поперечных размеров пучка релятивистских электронов с малым продольным размером

Анализируется возможность практической реализации, предложенной ранее методики определения размеров пучка на мишени с помощью измерения двумерных угловых распределений когерентного излучения быстрых электронов для двух расстояний между кристаллом, где генерируется излучение, и координатным детектором. Рассмотрено использование двух механизмов излучения: параметрического рентгеновского излучения и дифрагированного переходного излучени

Improvement of pain and regional osteoporotic changes in the foot and ankle by low-dose bisphosphonate therapy for complex regional pain syndrome type I: a case series

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Complex regional pain syndrome is characterized by pain, allodynia, hyperalgesia, edema, signs of vasomotor instability, movement disorders, joint stiffness, and regional osteopenia. It is recognized to be difficult to treat, despite various methods of treatment, including physiotherapy, calcitonin, corticosteroids, sympathetic blockade, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pathophysiologically, complex regional pain syndrome reveals enhanced regional bone resorption and high bone turnover, and so bisphosphonates, which have a potent inhibitory effect on bone resorption, were proposed for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 48-year-old Japanese man with complex regional pain syndrome type I had severe right ankle pain with a visual analog scale score of 59 out of 100 regardless of treatment with physiotherapy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for five months. Radiographs showed marked regional osteoporotic changes and bone scintigraphy revealed a marked increase in radioactivity in his ankle. One month after the start of oral administration of risedronate (2.5 mg per day), his bone pain had fallen from a VAS score of 59 out of 100 to 18 out of 100. Bone scintigraphy at 12 months showed a marked reduction in radioactivity to a level comparable to that in his normal, left ankle. On the basis of these results, the treatment was discontinued at 15 months. At 32 months, our patient had almost no pain and radiographic findings revealed that the regional osteoporotic change had returned to normal.</p> <p>A second 48-year-old Japanese man with complex regional pain syndrome type I had severe right foot pain with a visual analog scale score of 83 out of 100 regardless of treatment with physiotherapy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for nine months. Radiographs showed regional osteoporotic change in his phalanges, metatarsals, and tarsals, and bone scintigraphy revealed a marked increase in radioactivity in his foot. One month after the start of oral administration of alendronate (35 mg per week), his bone pain had fallen from a visual analog scale score of 83 out of 100 to 30 out of 100 and, at nine months, was further reduced to 3 out of 100. The treatment was discontinued at 15 months because of successful pain reduction. At 30 months, our patient had no pain and the radiographic findings revealed marked improvement in regional osteoporotic changes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We believe low-dose oral administration of bisphosphonate is worth considering for the treatment of idiopathic complex regional pain syndrome type I accompanied by regional osteoporotic change.</p

Zinc uptake promotes myoblast differentiation via Zip7 transporter and activation of Akt signalling transduction pathway

[EN] Myogenic regeneration occurs through a chain of events beginning with the output of satellite cells from quiescent state, formation of competent myoblasts and later fusion and differentiation into myofibres. Traditionally, growth factors are used to stimulate muscle regeneration but this involves serious off-target effects, including alterations in cell homeostasis and cancer. In this work, we have studied the use of zinc to trigger myogenic differentiation. We show that zinc promotes myoblast proliferation, differentiation and maturation of myofibres. We demonstrate that this process occurs through the PI3K/Akt pathway, via zinc stimulation of transporter Zip7. Depletion of zinc transporter Zip7 by RNA interference shows reduction of both PI3K/Akt signalling and a significant reduction of multinucleated myofibres and myotubes development. Moreover, we show that mature myofibres, obtained through stimulation with high concentrations of zinc, accumulate zinc and so we hypothesise their function as zinc reservoirs into the cell.P.R. and R.S. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (MAT2015-69315-C3-1-R). P.R. acknowledges the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). CIBER-BBN is an initiative funded by the VI National R&D&I Plan 2008-2011, Iniciativa Ingenio 2010, Consolider Program, CIBER Actions and financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III with assistance from the European Regional Development Fund. R.S. acknowledges the support from the Spanish MECD through the PRX16/00208 grant. MSS acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC - HealInSynergy 306990) and the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC - EP/P001114/1)Mnatsakanyan, H.; Sabater I Serra, R.; Rico Tortosa, PM.; Salmerón Sánchez, M. (2018). 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Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Expression and 2-Methoxyestradiol Affect Microtubule Dynamics and Modify Steroid Receptor Signaling in Leiomyoma Cells

CONTEXT: Development of optimal medicinal treatments of uterine leiomyomas represents a significant challenge. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is an endogenous estrogen metabolite formed by sequential action of CYP450s and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Our previous study demonstrated that 2ME is a potent antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiangiogenic, and collagen synthesis inhibitor in human leiomyomas cells (huLM). OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to investigate whether COMT expression, by the virtue of 2ME formation, affects the growth of huLM, and to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby COMT expression or treatment with 2ME affect these cells. RESULTS: Our data demonstrated that E(2)-induced proliferation was less pronounced in cells over-expressing COMT or treated with 2ME (500 nM). This effect on cell proliferation was associated with microtubules stabilization and diminution of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (PR) transcriptional activities, due to shifts in their subcellular localization and sequestration in the cytoplasm. In addition, COMT over expression or treatment with 2ME reduced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor -1alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and the basal level as well as TNF-alpha-induced aromatase (CYP19) expression. CONCLUSIONS: COMT over expression or treatment with 2ME stabilize microtubules, ameliorates E(2)-induced proliferation, inhibits ERalpha and PR signaling, and reduces HIF-1 alpha and CYP19 expression in human uterine leiomyoma cells. Thus, microtubules are a candidate target for treatment of uterine leiomyomas. In addition, the naturally occurring microtubule-targeting agent 2ME represents a potential new therapeutic for uterine leiomyomas