A Study of Cross Layer Design compare with Layer Design for MANET

Mobile Ad – hoc networks (MANET) are becoming increasingly popular in wireless technology, especially for providing services in disaster area. Mobile users are looking forward to new technologies that allow them to communicate anytime, anywhere, and using any communication device. Mobile ad – hoc networks suffer from several performance limitations, especially related to excessive burden deriving from the layering approach for the TCP / IP protocol stack design. In fact, TCP / IP protocol stack originally designed for wired networks and it is not suitable for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, it focuses on cross layer network design which is especially for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. The main objective is to how cross layer differ from layered design, cross layer design approaches, challenges of cross layer design and implementation of cross layer design based MANET. And also this article brief the readers an overview of cross layer concept while discussing different cross layer proposals given by researchers

Studies on the extraction and characterization of thermostable a-amylase from pericarp of Borassus indica

Thermostable a-amylase was extracted and characterized from the fruits (pericarp) of Borassus indica. Analysis on the influence of various physico-chemical parameters on the extracted enzyme revealed a Vmax of 0.793 and a Km of 0.022. The optimum temperature was found to be 370C at pH 4.5. The stability studies on enzyme activity envisaged that the enzyme is stable up to 800C and retained its activity over a wide range of pH (4.0 – 8.5). Significant enhancement in the enzyme activity was observed in the presence of metal ions like Manganese and Strontium and an insignificant decrement in the presence of Sodium ions.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (3), pp. 289-291, 200

Influence of Exogenous Glycinebetaine on Hot Pepper under Water Stress

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB) on physiological response in hot-pepper (Capsicum annuum L. vs. Arka Lohit and Pusa Jwala) under water stress. Glycinebetaine was applied to seeds as well as plants through foliar applications. Water stress affected considerably the morphophysiological parameters in both the cultivars. However, in glycinebetaine (GB) treated plants, plant height, leaf area (LA), flower and fruit number and total dry matter (TDM) were greater compared to the untreated stress plants (T4) under water stress. Glycinebetaine application enhanced the photosynthesis (PN) in water deficit experiencing plants, mostly due to a greater stomatal conductance (gs) and carboxylation efficiency of CO2 assimilation. In both the cultivars after 12 day of stress, the PN decreased from 10.1 to 1.0-1.3 μ mol m-2 s-1 in untreated stressed plants (T4), while in the treated stressed plants PNhad reduced to 2.0 - 3.0 μ mol m-2 s-1 (T1 - T3). The application of GB increased the WUE in both the cultivars. The better WUE in treated plants of hot-pepper under stress was attributed to the improved PN. The higher per plant yield in the GB applied plants under stress in both the cultivars associated with higher PNrate, gs and WUE in treated plants. Though there was an increase in PN rate, WUE and plant yield in the treated plants (T1 - T3), the better results were found in the plants (T2) where seeds were treated and foliar application was given at the time of imposing stress

A Study of Cross Layer Design compare with Layer Design for MANET

Mobile Ad – hoc networks (MANET) are becoming increasingly popular in wireless technology, especially for providing services in disaster area. Mobile users are looking forward to new technologies that allow them to communicate anytime, anywhere, and using any communication device. Mobile ad – hoc networks suffer from several performance limitations, especially related to excessive burden deriving from the layering approach for the TCP / IP protocol stack design. In fact, TCP / IP protocol stack originally designed for wired networks and it is not suitable for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, it focuses on cross layer network design which is especially for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. The main objective is to how cross layer differ from layered design, cross layer design approaches, challenges of cross layer design and implementation of cross layer design based MANET. And also this article brief the readers an overview of cross layer concept while discussing different cross layer proposals given by researchers

High sensitivity C-reactive protein levels across spectrum and severity of coronary artery disease

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant protein synthesized by the liver in response to acute\ud stress in a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. In healthy subjects and patients presenting with\ud coronary artery disease (CAD), elevated levels of CRP has repeatedly been demonstrated to predict future cardiovascular\ud events.\ud Methods: We measured high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in 382 consecutive patients with CAD and 60 healthy controls by immunoturbidimetry method. Risk factors like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia,smoking, obesity and family history of premature CAD were assessed.\ud Results: The mean age of patients with CAD was 53.5±11.8 years (303 males) and that of control group was 50.83±8.07(28 males). The patient group had significant higher concentration of mean hs-CRP levels when compared\ud with the healthy control group (1.8±1.9 mg/L vs 0.35±1.1 mg/L, p<0.001). The mean hs-CRP levels of unstable angina\ud (USA) and myocardial infarction (MI) patients was higher than chronic stable angina (CSA) patients (p<0.05). Based\ud on the disease severity, we found a significantly higher hs-CRP levels in patients of triple vessel disease when compared\ud to patients with single vessel disease (p=0.01).\ud Conclusions: Elevated serum hs-CRP levels provide a useful marker for cardiovascular risk which, when combined\ud with traditional risk factors, may help improve global risk prediction. Our study showed a significant contribution of\ud hs-CRP to coronary risk prediction with better discrimination

HIV/AIDS-tuberculosis (pulmonary and extra pulmonary) co-infection: CD4 correlation

Background: AIDS is the leading cause of death among people 15-59 years old in low income countries. Worldwide, approximately one-third of all AIDS-related deaths are associated with TB. TB is the primary cause of death for 10-15% of patients with HIV infection. So the present study was conducted to find the correlation between sputum positivity and CD4 cell count in patients with HIV/AIDS-Tuberculosis co-infection.Methods: The present study was a retrospective hospital based study of patients with HIV/AIDS-Tuberculosis co-infection, attending ART centre, department of medicine, Osmania general hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India between November 2014 to September 2015. Data included clinical profile, complete blood picture, renal and liver function tests, sputum microscopy and C/S and chest X-Ray and others as and when required.Results: We included 180 HIV/AIDS infected patients on ART with tuberculosis (TB) co-infection. Out of 180 patients, 132 were males and 48 were females. Among male’s ≥40 (51.51%) year’s age group and among females 30-39 (56.25%) year’s age group was the most commonly affected. Out of 180 cases 60 were sputum positive. 60 sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosis and 60 were extra pulmonary TB. CD4 cell count was &lt;200/mm3 in 36 (60%) of sputum positive TB, 43 (71.7%) of sputum negative pulmonary TB &amp; 39 (65%) of extra pulmonary TB patients. CD4 cell count was 200-400/mm3 in 16(26.7%) of sputum positive pulmonary TB, 13 (21.7%) of sputum negative TB and 19 (31.7%) of extra pulmonary TB patients. CD4 cell count was &gt;400/mm3 in 8 (13.3%) of sputum positive pulmonary TB, 4 (6.6%) of sputum negative pulmonary TB and 2 (3.3%) of extra pulmonary TB patients.Conclusions: Present study concludes that male sex and age group &gt;30 years were the commonly affected population. All forms of tuberculosis were common when CD4 count was &lt;200 cells/mm3. The sputum negativity was higher with lower CD4 counts.

Farming of cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus 1766) in open sea floating cages in India

Experiments on culture and growth performance of cobia were undertaken in marine cages installed in the Arabian Sea off Karwar on the south-west coast of India. Hatchery produced cobia fingerlings were stocked at two densities of 3.5 fish cubic m-1 and 14.1 fish cubic m-1 in circular HDPE cages. Mean weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of cobia stocked @ 3.5 fish cubic m -1 were 10.5 kg and 2.2% day-1, respectively, at 300 days of culture (DOC). Cobia stocked @ of 14.1 fish cubic m-1 attained an average weight of 3.68 kg and SGR of 1.9% day-1 at 300 DOC. SGR was found to be positively correlated with water temperature and salinity during the culture period. No significant variation was found in SGR and feed conversion ratio of cobia stocked at two different densities. However, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and mean weight of cobia varied significantly between the two groups

Effect of welding speed on weld quality characteristics of pulsed current micro plasma arc welded AISI 304L Sheets

Micro Plasma Arc Welding (MPAW) is one of the important arc welding process commonly using in sheet metal industry for manufacturing metal bellows, metal diaphragms etc. In the present paper welding of AISI 304L austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel using pulsed current micro plasma arc welding was discussed. The paper mainly focuses on studying the weld quality characteristics like weld pool geometry parameters, microstructure, grain size, hardness and tensile properties of pulsed current micro plasma arc welded AISI 304L austenitic stainless steels at different welding speeds. Results reveals that at a welding speed of 260 mm /minute better weld quality characteristics can be obtaine