9 research outputs found
In Vitro Susceptibility of Equine-Obtained Isolates of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis to Gallium Maltolate and 20 Other Antimicrobial Agents
This study's objective was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activities of gallium maltolate (GaM) and 20 other antimicrobial agents against clinical equine isolates of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The growth of cultured isolates was not inhibited by any concentration of GaM. MIC data revealed susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials
Intramuscular Administration of a Synthetic CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide Modulates Functional Responses of Neutrophils of Neonatal Foals
Neutrophils play an important role in protecting against infection. Foals have age-dependent deficiencies in neutrophil function that may contribute to their predisposition to infection. Thus, we investigated the ability of a CpG-ODN formulated with Emulsigen to modulate functional responses of neutrophils in neonatal foals. Eighteen foals were randomly assigned to receive either a CpG-ODN with Emulsigen (N = 9) or saline intramuscularly at ages 1 and 7 days. At ages 1, 3, 9, 14, and 28, blood was collected and neutrophils were isolated from each foal. Neutrophils were assessed for basal and Rhodococcus equi-stimulated mRNA expression of the cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-8 using real-time PCR, degranulation by quantifying the amount of β-D glucuronidase activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using flow cytometry. In vivo administration of the CpG-ODN formulation on days 1 and 7 resulted in significantly (P<0.05) increased IFN-γ mRNA expression by foal neutrophils on days 3, 9, and 14. Degranulation was significantly (P<0.05) lower for foals in the CpG-ODN-treated group than the control group at days 3 and 14, but not at other days. No effect of treatment on ROS generation was detected. These results indicate that CpG-ODN administration to foals might improve innate and adaptive immune responses that could protect foals against infectious diseases and possibly improve responses to vaccination.The open access fee for this work was funded through the Texas A&M University Open Access to Knowledge (OAK) Fund
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Evaluations of Adult Fish Passage at Ice Harbor and Lower Monumental Dams, 1982.
Evaluations of adult fish passage at Ice Harbor and Lower Monumental Dams were conducted from 12 April to 16 June 1982. Each fishway entrance was monitored with electronic fish detectors and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were radio tracked in the projects\u27 tailraces and fish collection systems. An additional study with electronic detectors was conducted from 23 August though 10 October 1982 at Lower Monumental Dam. The study was conducted during a year of unusually high spring river flows. High spill levels and reductions in powerhouse discharge were characteristic during the spring study at both projects; therefore, results may not fully describe fish behavior during all conditions of project operation. Spill did not occur during the fall study at Lower Monumental. Radio tagged fish characteristically held in areas several hundred feet downstream of the powerhouse at both projects. The behavior was related to high spill and low powerhouse discharge conditions and may have been a response to tailrace eddies that developed during these conditions. The most frequently used entrance into the Ice Harbor fishway under all conditions except low powerhouse discharge was located at the north end of the powerhouse next to the spillway. The next most frequently used entrance, and the most frequently used entrance during low powerhouse discharge, was on the shore at the south end of the powerhouse. The most commonly used entrance to the Lower Monumental fishway was on the shore at the north end of the powerhouse. The entrances at the south end of the Lower Monumental powerhouse, next to the spillway, had either net fallout or low net entry. The use of submerged orifice entrances along the powerhouse generally decreased with increased distance from the shore at both projects. Radio tagged fish moved both up and down the collection channels and held at the ends of the channels, particularly at the north end of the Ice Harbor fishway and near the base of the Lower Monumental powerhouse fish ladder. Also, tagged fish sometimes backed down the fish ladders, especially at the Ice Harbor powerhouse ladder. Several operational conditions were assessed at both projects. The operation of the ice and trash sluiceway at Ice Harbor was associated with decreased entry at the south end of the powerhouse and increased entry along the submerged orifice entrances. The entrances at the south end of the Lower Monumental powerhouse were opened in several combinations during the spring and fall research seasons to study the net fallout phenomenon at the entrances. Net fallout or very low net entry continued at the two entrances facing downstream into the tailrace during all conditions in the spring and fall. Net entry occurred at the entrance facing the spill basin during all conditions in the fall. Radio tagged fish were delayed a median of 118.6 hours at Ice Harbor and 44.8 hours at Lower Monumental. Probable causes of delay included holding downstream of the dams, fallout at the south end of the Lower Monumental fishway, fish backing down fish ladders and falling back over dams, holding at extensive movement in the collection channels, and recovery from handling and tagging stress
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Evaluation of Adult Fish Passage at Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams, 1981
Migratory movements of adult salmonids were studied from 20 April through 19 June 1981 to evaluate adult fish passage at Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams on the lower Snake River in southeastern Washington. Each fishway entrance was monitored with electronic fish detectors and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were radio tracked in the projects\u27 tailraces and fishways. The most frequently used fishway entrances at Little Goose were the north shore and south shore entrances, which combined accounted for 65.3% of total net entries recorded by electronic detectors. At Lower Granite, the south shore entrance was the most heavily used on days without daytime spill discharges, while the north shore entrance was preferred on most spill days. The percentage of total entries at the north shore entrance increased with increasing spill levels up to 50 to 60 thousand cubic feet per second (kcfs), with use of the entrance tapering off again at higher spills. Radio tagged fish took about 1 to 1.5 days for passage at both projects during nonspill periods while up to 7.5 days were required to cross Lower Granite when spill discharges averaged above approximately 40 kcfs. Excessive delays during heavy spill were caused by fish holding downstream of the project and moving into areas on the north side of the navigation lock away from all fishway entrances. Spill occurred during the hours of data collection on 33 days of the 54 day research season at Lower Granite and on only 4 days at Little Goose, resulting in less information on spill effects on fish passage at Little Goose