EFFECTS OF APPROACH VELOCITY TO THE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH BODY SEGMENTS TO THE TAKE-OFF MOVEMENT IN THE LONG JUMP

INTRODUCTION Much study suggested that approach velocity gave significant effects to the long jump performance However, there are very few studies effects of approach velocity to the role or the contribution of each body segments to the take-off movement in the long Jump, which is the purpose of this study Nine male long jumpers performed the long jump of the three types, Slow jump (S 10----15m-approachrun), Medium jump (M 25----30m-approachrun), Fast jump (F full approach of their own). Their take-off motions were filmed at 200Hz with Nac high speed camera. Two dimensional coordinates were obtained by digitizing the motions with a sampling frequency of 200Hz. The data was filtered with a Butterworth digital filter(Winter 1979) at 10Hz BSP of Chandler et al. (1975) were used to estimate the segmental centers of gravity and mass center of the whole body This data used to calculate the generated momenta and impulses (horizontal, vertical) of the arms (A), trunk (T: head and trunk), free leg (F) and take-off leg (TL), using the method of Ae and Shibukawa (1980). The mean percent contribution of the segments were obtained by dividing total impulse of each segment over the take-off phase by the whole body impulse RESULTS With the regard to the horizontal direction, the body segments contribution suggested the same proportion pattern all of the three types jumps. The highest (positive) contribution was made by the trunk (S: 4155±22.5%, M36.42± 18.23%, F54.85 ± 3024%) The contribution of the arms (S -5.97±281%, M:-6.34±5.21%, F:-9.54± 6.20%), The free leg (S: -5.85±481%, M: -1603±1120%, F: -722±3.10%) and take-off leg (S:-129.73±35.59%, M -11405±48.47%, F:-138.10±6550%) were negative. Most negative contribution was made by the take-off leg As for the vertical direction, the all body segments contribution of the three types jumps showed positive contribution (S; A 4.29±262%, T 4.06±423%, FL 0.69± 2.44%, TL 90 96±7.82%, M; A 600± 1.60%, T 9.54±9.37%, FL 010±210%, TL 84.36±11.14%, F; A 10.5±3.12%, T 8.02±604%, FL: 2.88±1.01%, TL 78.60 ± 14.56%). The take-off leg showed the highest percentage contribution As the approach velocity increased, so did the contribution of the arms, while the contribution of the take-off leg decreased. CONCLUSION With regard to the horizontal direction, the body segments contribution showed the same proportion pattern in all of the three types jumps The trunk made positive contribution to horizontal velocity, the trunk made positive contribution to horizontal velocity, the other body segments made negative contribution to horizontal velocity in horizontal direction. On the other hand, as the approach velocity increased, so did the contribution of the arms, while the contribution of the take-off leg decreased. The arms and take-off leg have a mutually supportive relationship in vertical direction

THE STUDY OF THE MODEL INTERVAL TIME IN 400M HURDLE RACE FOR MEN

Introduction The purpose of this study was to calculate and evaluate the equations for the model interval time of 400m hurdle race for men. The total number of samples were 651. Interval time was defined as the time from starting point to the first touchdown after hurdling, and between each touchdown there-after. The samples were divided into 8 groups according to performance time. The performance range were 48.79- 59.45sec. 11 equations for each group were calculated from the samples. RESULTS High correlation between each interval time and performance time was obtained. the correlation coefficient between 8th i n t e r v a l t i m e and performance was the highest in particular. Performance time correlated with the 2-9th interval time in group A (48.48- 50.99,n=41). Performance time correlated with the 2,3,5th interval time in group B (51.1 3- 51.97,n=55). Performance time correlated with the 5-8th interval time in group C (52.00- 52.99,n=I 14). Performance time correlated with the 3th,8-10th interval time in group D(53.00 -53.99,n=143). Performance time correlated with the 5-8th interval time in group E (54.00- 54.98,n=126). Performance time correlated with the 6-8th interval time in group F (55.00- 55.99,n=82). Performance time correlated with the 7-8th interval time in group G (56.02- 56.94,n=32). Performance time correlated with the 8-10th interval time in group H (57.08-59.45,n=48). CONCLUSION The performance time correlated significantly with the 8th interval time in 7 groups(A,C,D,E,F,G,H). Furthermore performance time corelated with the 7th and 9th interval in 5 groups. Therefore, it is suggested that performance correlates highly with the latter half of race, especially the 8th interval. In conclusion, in order to improve overall performance, it is important to improve the performance between the 7th and the 9th interval. REFERENCES 1)Ken M1YASHITA:The study of model touchdown time for 11 Om hurdle race: RESERCH QUATERLY FOR ATHLETICS, 14,pplO-20,1993 2)Masatoshi MORITA, kouichi IGARASHI :The case study on the race of top hurdler in the world-The Ill WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS IN ATHLETICS TOKYO 1991 -: RESERCH QUATERLY FOR ATHLETICS,ll ,pp2-13,199

Successful cessation of transmitting healthcare-associated infections due to Burkholderia cepacia complex in a neonatal intensive care unit in a Japanese children's hospital

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Burkholderia cepacia </it>strains have been known to possess the capability to cause serious infections especially in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), and their multi-drug resistances become a severe threat in hospital settings. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the <it>B. cepacia </it>complex infections in the NICU in Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino 399-8288, Japan, and to report the intervention leading to the successful cessation of the outbreak.</p> <p>Methodology</p> <p>The incidence of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of nosocomial <it>Burkholderia cepacia </it>complex strains during a four-year period were retrospectively examined by clinical microbiological records, and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses along with the bacteriological verification of disinfectant device itself and procedures for its maintenance routinely used in the NICU.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>During the period surveyed between 2007 and 2009, only an isolate per respective year of <it>B. cepacia </it>complex was recovered from each neonate in the NICU. However, in 2010, the successive 6 <it>B. cepacia </it>complex isolates were recovered from different hospitalized neonates. Among them, an isolate was originated from peripheral blood of a neonate, apparently giving rise to systemic infection. In addition, the hospitalized neonate with bacteremia due to <it>B. cepacia </it>complex also exhibited positive cultures from repeated catheterized urine samples together with tracheal aspirate secretions. However other 5 isolates were considered as the transients or contaminants having little to do with infections. Moreover, the 5 isolates between July and October in 2010 revealed completely the same electrophoresis patterns by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses, strongly indicating that they were infected through the same medical practices, or by transmission of the same contaminant.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A small outbreak due to <it>B. cepacia </it>complex was brought about in the NICU in 2010, which appeared to be associated with the same genomovar of <it>B. cepacia </it>complex. The source or the rout of infection was unknown in spite of the repeated epidemiological investigation. It is noteworthy that no outbreak due to <it>B. cepacia </it>complex was noted in the NICU after extensive surveillance intervention.</p

Evolutionary relationships among barley and <i>Arabidopsis</i> core circadian clock and clock-associated genes

The circadian clock regulates a multitude of plant developmental and metabolic processes. In crop species, it contributes significantly to plant performance and productivity and to the adaptation and geographical range over which crops can be grown. To understand the clock in barley and how it relates to the components in the Arabidopsis thaliana clock, we have performed a systematic analysis of core circadian clock and clock-associated genes in barley, Arabidopsis and another eight species including tomato, potato, a range of monocotyledonous species and the moss, Physcomitrella patens. We have identified orthologues and paralogues of Arabidopsis genes which are conserved in all species, monocot/dicot differences, species-specific differences and variation in gene copy number (e.g. gene duplications among the various species). We propose that the common ancestor of barley and Arabidopsis had two-thirds of the key clock components identified in Arabidopsis prior to the separation of the monocot/dicot groups. After this separation, multiple independent gene duplication events took place in both monocot and dicot ancestors. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00239-015-9665-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Identification of Genes Affecting the Toxicity of Anti-Cancer Drug Bortezomib by Genome-Wide Screening in S. pombe

Bortezomib/PS-341/Velcade, a proteasome inhibitor, is widely used to treat multiple myeloma. While several mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of the drug were proposed, the actual mechanism remains elusive. We aimed to identify genes affecting the cytotoxicity of Bortezomib in the fission yeast S.pombe as the drug inhibits this organism's cell division cycle like proteasome mutants. Among the 2815 genes screened (covering 56% of total ORFs), 19 genes, whose deletions induce strong synthetic lethality with Bortezomib, were identified. The products of the 19 genes included four ubiquitin enzymes and one nuclear proteasome factor, and 13 of them are conserved in humans. Our results will provide useful information for understanding the actions of Bortezomib within cells

Anthracyclines, proteasome activity and multi-drug-resistance

BACKGROUND: P-glycoprotein is responsible for the ATP-dependent export of certain structurally unrelated compounds including many chemotherapeutic drugs. Amplification of P-glycoprotein activity can result in multi-drug resistance and is a common cause of chemotherapy treatment failure. Therefore, there is an ongoing search for inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. Observations that cyclosporin A, and certain other substances, inhibit both the proteasome and P-glycoprotein led us to investigate whether anthracyclines, well known substrates of P-gp, also inhibit the function of the proteasome. METHODS: Proteasome function was measured in cell lysates from ECV304 cells incubated with different doses of verapamil, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin, topotecan, mitomycin C, and gemcitabine using a fluorogenic peptide assay. Proteasome function in living cells was monitored using ECV304 cells stably transfected with the gene for an ubiquitin/green fluorescent protein fusion protein. The ability of the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 to affect P-glycoprotein function was monitored by fluorescence due to accumulation of daunorubicin in P-glycoprotein overexpressing KB 8-5 cells. RESULTS: Verapamil, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, and epirubicin inhibited 26S chymotrypsin-like function in ECV304 extracts in a dose-dependent fashion. With the exception of daunorubicin, 20S proteasome function was also suppressed. The proteasome inhibitor MG-132 caused a dose-dependent accumulation of daunorubicin in KB 8-5 cells that overexpress P-glycoprotein, suggesting that it blocked P-glycoprotein function. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that anthracyclines inhibit the 26S proteasome as well as P-glycoprotein. Use of inhibitors of either pathway in cancer therapy should take this into consideration and perhaps use it to advantage, for example during chemosensitization by proteasome inhibitors

Lipidomics: A Tool for Studies of Atherosclerosis

Lipids, abundant constituents of both the vascular plaque and lipoproteins, play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of lipids, called lipidomics, presents a number of opportunities not only for understanding the cellular processes in health and disease but also in enabling personalized medicine. Lipidomics in its most advanced form is able to quantify hundreds of different molecular lipid species with various structural and functional roles. Unraveling this complexity will improve our understanding of diseases such as atherosclerosis at a level of detail not attainable with classical analytical methods. Improved patient selection, biomarkers for gauging treatment efficacy and safety, and translational models will be facilitated by the lipidomic deliverables. Importantly, lipid-based biomarkers and targets should lead the way as we progress toward more specialized therapeutics