A Study of Cross Layer Design compare with Layer Design for MANET

Mobile Ad – hoc networks (MANET) are becoming increasingly popular in wireless technology, especially for providing services in disaster area. Mobile users are looking forward to new technologies that allow them to communicate anytime, anywhere, and using any communication device. Mobile ad – hoc networks suffer from several performance limitations, especially related to excessive burden deriving from the layering approach for the TCP / IP protocol stack design. In fact, TCP / IP protocol stack originally designed for wired networks and it is not suitable for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, it focuses on cross layer network design which is especially for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. The main objective is to how cross layer differ from layered design, cross layer design approaches, challenges of cross layer design and implementation of cross layer design based MANET. And also this article brief the readers an overview of cross layer concept while discussing different cross layer proposals given by researchers

A Study of Cross Layer Design compare with Layer Design for MANET

Mobile Ad – hoc networks (MANET) are becoming increasingly popular in wireless technology, especially for providing services in disaster area. Mobile users are looking forward to new technologies that allow them to communicate anytime, anywhere, and using any communication device. Mobile ad – hoc networks suffer from several performance limitations, especially related to excessive burden deriving from the layering approach for the TCP / IP protocol stack design. In fact, TCP / IP protocol stack originally designed for wired networks and it is not suitable for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, it focuses on cross layer network design which is especially for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. The main objective is to how cross layer differ from layered design, cross layer design approaches, challenges of cross layer design and implementation of cross layer design based MANET. And also this article brief the readers an overview of cross layer concept while discussing different cross layer proposals given by researchers

Effect of deposition temperature on the tribo-mechanical properties of nitrogen doped DLC thin film

The tribomechanical characteristics of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are notably superior to other hard coatings, making them highly desirable for industrial applications. This study focuses on the synthesis of nitrogen-doped DLC (N-DLC) films through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, with an emphasis on varying the deposition temperature. Comprehensive characterization techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nanoindentation were employed to investigate the morphological and mechanical attributes of these coatings. The thickness of the films, measured using a Dektak profilometer, demonstrated an increase from 1.9 to 2.8 µm as the deposition temperature rose. Nanoindentation testing revealed that the film deposited at 900°C exhibited the highest hardness (H) and modulus of elasticity (E), measuring 21.95 and 208.3 GPa, respectively. Conversely, the film deposited at 1,000°C showed the lowest values, with H and E at 14.23a and 141.9 GPa, respectively. The H/E ratio of the coatings initially rose from 0.096 to 0.106 as the deposition temperature increased from 800°C to 900°C. However, for deposition temperatures exceeding 900°C the H/E ratio began to decline

Effect of forming parameters on mechanical properties of epoxy-based fiber metal laminates

1198-1204Composite materials containing epoxy/glass fiber have good strength and are of low weight. They are ideal for producing parts for automobile and railway locomotives. These composites lose their strength with age and exposure to UV rays, and exposure against solar radiation increases the rate of degradation of such materials. Fiber metal laminates (FML) are a new type of composites which can replace many other composites, as they use a metal cover over the ceramic core. They are widely used for a variety of structures in automobiles, locomotives, and aeroplanes owing to their good formability. In this experimental study, an aluminium alloy AA5052 H32 and glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite was prepared using the hand lay-up method. The FML composite was tested for tensile, shear, flexural, and Charpy impact strengths, hardness, and was subject to the Erichsen cupping test. The interface structure of the tensile test specimen characterized had fiber orientation of different sequences (0°, 45°, 90°). Further examination showed that the FML possessed fairly good mechanical properties indicating their ability to absorb light loads applied through tension, bending, and impact

Improved CLC Routing Protocol with Node Classification Algorithm for MANET

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are the group of mobile nodes that communicate without using fixed infrastructures. Most of the routing protocols in MANETs are designed without analyzing the behaviour of the intermediate node. In such a case, it cannot identify the best intermediate node when over one route is available. It degrades the performance of routing protocol. Analysing the attributes of the intermediate node and identify the best node for transmitting packets is the challenging task inMANET. In this paper we have designed node classification algorithm which helps to analyze various attributes of the intermediate node and select the best node as a router. The node classification algorithm has been adopted into the existing CLC (Cross Layer with Clump) routing protocol. The simulation results show that in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and energy consumption are the node classification-based CLC routing protocol which have better performance than traditional AODV, existing CLC, quality of service, oriented distributed (QOD) routing protocols

Optimization of Coated Friction Drilling Tool for a FML Composite

10.1080/10426914.2020.1832684Materials and Manufacturing Processes363351-36

Detailed Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel and Additive

The usage of biofuels namely alcohols and biodiesel leads to lower efficiency and higher NO emissions than diesel. The objective of this study is to reduce the emissions and enhance the performance from neat coconut oil biodiesel. To begin, the Diethyl ether, (Oxygenated Additive, OA) is blended to transesterified coconut oil biodiesel (CBD100). OA is varied in CBD at 5 and 10% on a volume basis. Results revealed that the addition of OA to CBD results in no phase separation at all working conditions. Further, adding 10% of OA to CBD lower CO (1.7%), Smoke (2.1%), NO (2.7%) and HC (1.9%) emission than neat CBD. In addition, efficiency increased (1.2%) and fuel consumption lowered (1.3%) by blending OA to CBD at all loads.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author