Support of EOR to independent producers in Texas: Quarterly report, 1 October 1994--30 January 1995

The general objective is to assist independent producers in Texas in applying tertiary recovery technology to their oil fields. The more specific objectives are: (1) identify production problems, and present technology to overcome such problems, (2) train independent producers how to select suitable EOR techniques and implement them, (3) conduct seminars and workshops on various EOR techniques and their applications, (4) train independent producers how to use available software in the fields of EOR operations, financing, and workover jobs, (5) establish a technology transfer center to lend primarily the independent producers in Texas the needed assistance to understand and use the state of the art technology data base in their operations. The kick-start of the project has focused on the following approaches (1) recruiting voluntary members to serve on an advisory committee for the project, (2) reaching out to possible organizations for data base information about independent producers of Texas, (3) reaching independent producers by different ways of communications, (4) conduct technical meeting with consultants, universities, and professional, (5) select topics of immediate concerns related independent producers operational problems, (6) establish a library or software resources for future use in workshops, (7) setting, future schedule for seminars and workshop to assist independent producers in understanding more about their field operations

Support of enhanced oil recovery to independent producers in Texas. Quarterly report, July 1, 1996--September 30, 1996

To establish a Technology Transfer Resource Center (TRC) at Prairie View A&M University (PVAMU) to assist the Independent Oil Producers, in the state of Texas, (TIP) obtain and apply oil recovery technology to their operation. The University will conduct a field pilot project in cooperation with an Independent Producer to demonstrate how technology application improves the economic performance of a project. Experience gained from the project will be disseminated to other Independents. These activities will be coordinated with neighboring state Universities and private research entities active in technology transfer programs. The University`s goal is to stimulate Petroleum Engineering education and research at the university as a result of participating in these activities. The long term goal is to establish the first Petroleum Engineering Department at a Historically Black University

High Octane Number Gasoline-ether Blend

Gasoline produced in Egypt is a low-grade gasoline that contains high concentration of harmful components that are having a toll on our environment. In addition, those pollutants cause countless diseases and deaths annually to the Egyptian population. This paper targets two main sectors in the production of commercial gasoline. The improvement engine efficiency through the upgrading of octane number is first experimented by using a blend stock that ranges from gasoline fractions and Isomerates. An optimum was then chosen depending on the results obtained from different tests. Through those experiments, it was determined which samples obeyed the EU regulation for transportation emissions. Having an excellent gasoline with a high-octane number but produced large quantities of harmful emissions was unacceptable. This leads to the section aim of this research, which was to produce an environmental gasoline. This meant that once the gasoline sample is combusted, it should produce limited amounts of emissions such as 1% benzene since benzene is carcinogenic. A sample with euro 3 specification was produced and showed excellent gasoline properties such as an RON value of around 95 without the use of octane enhancers. A second sample showed better results satisfied euro 5 regulations and produced an even higher-octane number than the euro 3 sample. This sample was the optimum environmental ETBE-gasoline high octane number blend. By understanding the composition of those samples, maximum yield of commercial gasoline could be produced. This would also lead to the reduction of pollutants in the environment. Completing this task with successful results means that this environmental high octane number gasoline could be produced and used in Egypt. Such blends should be produced on a large scale by exercising euro 3 and/or 5 regulations

Structure of ternary additive hard-sphere fluid mixtures

Monte Carlo simulations on the structural properties of ternary fluid mixtures of additive hard spheres are reported. The results are compared with those obtained from a recent analytical approximation [S. B. Yuste, A. Santos, and M. Lopez de Haro, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 3683 (1998)] to the radial distribution functions of hard-sphere mixtures and with the results derived from the solution of the Ornstein-Zernike integral equation with both the Martynov-Sarkisov and the Percus-Yevick closures. Very good agreement between the results of the first two approaches and simulation is observed, with a noticeable improvement over the Percus-Yevick predictions especially near contact.Comment: 11 pages, including 8 figures; A minor change; accepted for publication in PR

Transcriptomic and metabolic responses of Calotropis procera to salt and drought stress

Background: Calotropis procera is a wild plant species in the family Apocynaceae that is able to grow in harsh, arid and heat stressed conditions. Understanding how this highly adapted plant persists in harsh environments should inform future efforts to improve the hardiness of crop and forage plant species. To study the plant response to droμght and osmotic stress, we treated plants with polyethylene glycol and NaCl and carried out transcriptomic and metabolomics measurements across a time-course of five days. Results: We identified a highly dynamic transcriptional response across the time-course including dramatic changes in inositol signaling, stress response genes and cytokinins. The resulting metabolome changes also involved sharp increases of myo-inositol, a key signaling molecule and elevated amino acid metabolites at later times. Conclusions: The data generated here provide a first glimpse at the expressed genome of C. procera, a plant that is exceptionally well adapted to arid environments. We demonstrate, through transcriptome and metabolome analysis that myo-inositol signaling is strongly induced in response to drought and salt stress and that there is elevation of amino acid concentrations after prolonged osmotic stress. This work should lay the foundations of future studies in adaptation to arid environments

Treatment of Infections in Young Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Countries:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Frontline Health Worker Diagnosis and Antibiotic Access

BACKGROUND: Inadequate illness recognition and access to antibiotics contribute to high case fatality from infections in young infants (<2 months) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to address three questions regarding access to treatment for young infant infections in LMICs: (1) Can frontline health workers accurately diagnose possible bacterial infection (pBI)?; (2) How available and affordable are antibiotics?; (3) How often are antibiotics procured without a prescription? METHODS AND FINDINGS: We searched PubMed, Embase, WHO/Health Action International (HAI), databases, service provision assessments (SPAs), Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and grey literature with no date restriction until May 2014. Data were identified from 37 published studies, 46 HAI national surveys, and eight SPAs. For study question 1, meta-analysis showed that clinical sign-based algorithms predicted bacterial infection in young infants with high sensitivity (87%, 95% CI 82%-91%) and lower specificity (62%, 95% CI 48%-75%) (six studies, n = 14,254). Frontline health workers diagnosed pBI in young infants with an average sensitivity of 82% (95% CI 76%-88%) and specificity of 69% (95% CI 54%-83%) (eight studies, n = 11,857) compared to physicians. For question 2, first-line injectable agents (ampicillin, gentamicin, and penicillin) had low variable availability in first-level health facilities in Africa and South Asia. Oral amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole were widely available at low cost in most regions. For question 3, no studies on young infants were identified, however 25% of pediatric antibiotic purchases in LMICs were obtained without a prescription (11 studies, 95% CI 18%-34%), with lower rates among infants <1 year. Study limitations included potential selection bias and lack of neonatal-specific data. CONCLUSIONS: Trained frontline health workers may screen for pBI in young infants with relatively high sensitivity and lower specificity. Availability of first-line injectable antibiotics appears low in many health facilities in Africa and Asia. Improved data and advocacy are needed to increase the availability and appropriate utilization of antibiotics for young infant infections in LMICs. REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42013004586). Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Support of EOR to independent producers in Texas: Quarterly report, 1 October 1994--30 January 1995

The general objective is to assist independent producers in Texas in applying tertiary recovery technology to their oil fields. The more specific objectives are: (1) identify production problems, and present technology to overcome such problems, (2) train independent producers how to select suitable EOR techniques and implement them, (3) conduct seminars and workshops on various EOR techniques and their applications, (4) train independent producers how to use available software in the fields of EOR operations, financing, and workover jobs, (5) establish a technology transfer center to lend primarily the independent producers in Texas the needed assistance to understand and use the state of the art technology data base in their operations. The kick-start of the project has focused on the following approaches (1) recruiting voluntary members to serve on an advisory committee for the project, (2) reaching out to possible organizations for data base information about independent producers of Texas, (3) reaching independent producers by different ways of communications, (4) conduct technical meeting with consultants, universities, and professional, (5) select topics of immediate concerns related independent producers operational problems, (6) establish a library or software resources for future use in workshops, (7) setting, future schedule for seminars and workshop to assist independent producers in understanding more about their field operations

Support of EOR to independent producers in Texas. Quarterly report, April 1995--June 1995

Extensive research has been conducted nationwide since the early 1970`s to increase our domestic oil production via Enhanced oil Recovery (EOR) technology. Less effort has been made to assure that state-of-the-art EOR technology reaches all producers, especially independents, so they can understand and use it to their benefit. Further, very little effort has been made to make EOR research results useful to the broadest possible base of producers. This report presents information on horizontal drilling and oil well planning including drilling tools, bottomhole assembly tools, drilling equipment, and well completion. A glossary of applicable terms and diagrams are included