100 research outputs found
The puzzlingly large Ca II triplet absorption in dwarf elliptical galaxies
We present central CaT, PaT, and CaT* indices for a sample of fifteen dwarf
elliptical galaxies (dEs). Twelve of these have CaT* ~ 7 A and extend the
negative correlation between the CaT* index and central velocity dispersion
sigma, which was derived for bright ellipticals (Es), down to 20 < sigma < 55
km/s. For five dEs we have independent age and metallicity estimates. Four of
these have CaT* ~ 7 A, much higher than expected from their low metallicities
(-1.5 < [Z/H] < -0.5). The observed anti-correlation of CaT* as a function of
sigma or Z is in flagrant disagreement with theory. We discuss some of the
amendments that have been proposed to bring the theoretical predictions into
agreement with the observed CaT*-values of bright Es and how they can be
extended to incorporate also the observed CaT*-values of dEs. Moreover, 3 dEs
in our sample have CaT* ~ 5 A, as would be expected for metal-poor stellar
systems. Any theory for dE evolution will have to be able to explain the
co-existence of low-CaT* and high-CaT* dEs at a given mean metallicity. This
could be the first direct evidence that the dE population is not homogeneous,
and that different evolutionary paths led to morphologically and kinematically
similar but chemically distinct objects.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
Embedded disks in Fornax dwarf ellipticals
We present photometric and kinematic evidence for the presence of stellar
disks, seen practically edge-on, in two Fornax dwarf galaxies, FCC204 (dS0(6))
and FCC288 (dS0(7)). This is the first time such structures have been
identified in Fornax dwarfs. FCC2088 has only a small bulge and a bright
flaring and slightly warped disk that can be traced out to 23" from the center
(2.05 kpc for H_0=75 km/s/Mpc). FCC204's disk can be traced out to 20" (1.78
kpc). This galaxy possesses a large bulge. These results can be compared to the
findings of Jerjen et al. (2000) and Barazza et al. (2002) who discovered
nucleated dEs with spiral and bar features in the Virgo Cluster.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Dwarf elliptical galaxies with kinematically decoupled cores
{We present, for the first time, photometric and kinematical evidence,
obtained with FORS2 on the VLT, for the existence of kinematically decoupled
cores (KDCs) in two dwarf elliptical galaxies; FS76 in the NGC5044 group and
FS373 in the NGC3258 group. Both kinematically peculiar subcomponents rotate in
the same sense as the main body of their host galaxy but betray their presence
by a pronounced bump in the rotation velocity profiles at a radius of about 1".
The KDC in FS76 rotates at 10+/-3km/s, with the host galaxy rotating at
15+/-6km/s; the KDC in FS373 has a rotation velocity of 6+/-2km/s while the
galaxy itself rotates at 20+/-5km/s. FS373 has a very complex rotation velocity
profile with the velocity changing sign at 1.5 R_e. The velocity and velocity
dispersion profiles of FS76 are asymmetric at larger radii. This could be
caused by a past gravitational interaction with the giant elliptical NGC5044,
which is at a projected distance of 50kpc. We argue that these decoupled cores
are most likely not produced by mergers in a group or cluster environment
because of the prohibitively large relative velocities. A plausible alternative
is offered by flyby interactions between a dwarf elliptical or its disky
progenitor and a massive galaxy. The tidal forces during an interaction at the
relative velocities and impact parameters typical for a group environment exert
a torque on the dwarf galaxy that, according to analytical estimates, transfers
enough angular momentum to its stellar envelope to explain the observed
peculiar kinematics.Comment: 11 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in A&
VLA Limits for Intermediate Mass Black Holes in Three Globular Clusters
The observational evidence for central black holes in globular clusters has
been argued extensively, and their existence has important consequences for
both the formation and evolution of the cluster. Most of the evidence comes
from dynamical arguments, but the interpretation is difficult, given the short
relaxation times and old ages of the clusters. One of the most robust
signatures for the existence of a black hole is radio and/or X-ray emission. We
observed three globular clusters, NGC6093 (M80), NGC6266 (M62), and NGC7078
(M15), with the VLA in the A and C configuration with a 3-sigma noise of 36, 36
and 25 microJy, respectively. We find no statistically-significant evidence for
radio emission from the central region for any of the three clusters. NGC6266
shows a 2-sigma detection. It is difficult to infer a mass from these upper
limits due to uncertainty about the central gas density, accretion rate, and
accretion model.Comment: 5 pages, accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journa
Marine biogenics in sea spray aerosols interact with the mTOR signaling pathway
Sea spray aerosols (SSAs) have profound effects on our climate and ecosystems. They also contain microbiota and biogenic molecules which could affect human health. Yet the exposure and effects of SSAs on human health remain poorly studied. Here, we exposed human lung cancer cells to extracts of a natural sea spray aerosol collected at the seashore in Belgium, a laboratory-generated SSA, the marine algal toxin homoyessotoxin and a chemical inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We observed significant increased expression of genes related to the mTOR pathway and Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) after exposure to homoyessotoxin and the laboratory-generated SSA. In contrast, we observed a significant decrease in gene expression in the mTOR pathway and of PCSK9 after exposure to the natural SSA and the mTOR inhibitor, suggesting induction of apoptosis. Our results indicate that marine biogenics in SSAs interact with PCSK9 and the mTOR pathway and can be used in new potential pharmaceutical applications. Overall, our results provide a substantial molecular evidence base for potential beneficial health effects at environmentally relevant concentrations of natural SSAs
Generalisations of the Tully-Fisher relation for early and late-type galaxies
We study the locus of dwarf and giant early and late-type galaxies on the
Tully-Fisher relation (TFR), the stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation (sTFR) and
the so-called baryonic or HI gas+stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation (gsTFR). We
show that early-type and late-type galaxies, from dwarfs to giants, trace
different yet approximately parallel TFRs. Surprisingly, early-type and
late-type galaxies trace a single yet curved sTFR over a range of 3.5 orders of
magnitude in stellar mass. Moreover, all galaxies trace a single, linear gsTFR,
over 3.5 orders of magnitude in HI gas+stellar mass. Dwarf ellipticals,
however, lie slightly below the gsTFR. This may indicate that early-type
dwarfs, contrary to the late-types, have lost their gas, e.g. by galactic winds
or ram-pressure stripping. Overall, environment only plays a secondary role in
shaping these relations, making them a rather ``clean'' cosmological tool. LCDM
simulations predict roughly the correct slopes for these relations.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journa
The HI content of E+A galaxies
We present deep single-dish HI observations of a sample of six nearby E+A
galaxies (0.05<z<0.1). A non-negligible fraction of a local sample of E+As are
detected in HI. In four galaxies, we have detected up to a few times 10^9 Msun
of neutral gas. These E+A galaxies are almost as gas-rich as spiral galaxies
with comparable luminosities. There appears to exist no direct correlation
between the amount of HI present in an E+A galaxy and its star-formation rate
as traced by radio continuum emission. Moreover, the end of the starburst does
not necessarily require the complete exhaustion of the neutral gas reservoir.
Most likely, an intense burst of star formation consumed the dense molecular
clouds, which are the sites of massive star formation. This effectively stops
star formation, even though copious amounts of diffuse neutral gas remain. The
remaining HI reservoir may eventually lead to further episodes of star
formation. This may indicate that some E+As are observed in the inactive phase
of the star-formation duty cycle.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 9 pages, 3 figures (reduced in
resolution
A log-quadratic relation for predicting supermassive black hole masses from the host bulge Sersic index
We reinvestigate the correlation between black hole mass and bulge
concentration. With an increased galaxy sample, updated estimates of galaxy
distances, black hole masses, and Sersic indices `n' - a measure of
concentration - we perform a least-squares regression analysis to obtain a
relation suitable for the purpose of predicting black hole masses in other
galaxies. In addition to the linear relation, log(M_bh) = 7.81(+/-0.08) +
2.69(+/-0.28)[log(n/3)] with epsilon_(intrin)=0.31 dex, we investigated the
possibility of a higher order M_bh-n relation, finding the second order term in
the best-fitting quadratic relation to be inconsistent with a value of zero at
greater than the 99.99% confidence level. The optimal relation is given by
log(M_bh) = 7.98(+/-0.09) + 3.70(+/-0.46)[log(n/3)] -
3.10(+/-0.84)[log(n/3)]^2, with epsilon_(intrin)=0.18 dex and a total absolute
scatter of 0.31 dex. Extrapolating the quadratic relation, it predicts black
holes with masses of ~10^3 M_sun in n=0.5 dwarf elliptical galaxies, compared
to ~10^5 M_sun from the linear relation, and an upper bound on the largest
black hole masses in the local universe, equal to 1.2^{+2.6}_{-0.4}x10^9
M_sun}. In addition, we show that the nuclear star clusters at the centers of
low-luminosity elliptical galaxies follow an extrapolation of the same
quadratic relation. Moreover, we speculate that the merger of two such
nucleated galaxies, accompanied by the merger and runaway collision of their
central star clusters, may result in the late-time formation of some
supermassive black holes. Finally, we predict the existence of, and provide
equations for, a relation between M_bh and the central surface brightness of
the host bulge
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