Seroprevalence Of Hepatitis-b Virus In Mid And Far Western Region In Nepal

Hepatitis B is significant health problems that might involve the late sequel of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study aimed to know the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in mid and far western region in Nepal with various clinical conditions.This was a retrospective study conducted in mid and far western region in Nepal, which was performed in the Central Laboratory of Microbiology at Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Banke, Nepal during the period of September 2010 to April 2012. The serum samples were tested for Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) by Sandwich immunoassay. Total 7010 patients including 43.72% male and 56.28% female were tested for HBsAg. Of them, 135 were positive and 6875 were negative.In 135 positive cases 84 (62.22%) were male and 51 (37.77% )were female. In 6875 negative cases 2981 were male and 3894 were female. The seroprevalence rate of HBV was 1.93% in mid and far western region in Nepal. Seroprevalence of HBV seems to be higher in male then the female; it was 2.75% in male and 1.29% in female.The study revealed that the seroprevalence of HBV was alarmingly higher in such a population, which probably reflects a high background prevalence of HBV infections should be taken into consideration and Implementation of community-based preventive measures and improved strategies for safe blood supply might prove useful to decrease the seroprevalence

SELEKTIVNOST PLIJENA U SOMA (Silurus glanis) I AFRIČKOG SOMA (Clarias gariepinus)

The experiments aimed at prey selectivity in two Siluriformes predators. African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and wels, Silurus glanis, were performed under laboratory conditions. Prey fish (12-22% TL of predator) were submitted to one.year.old African catfish (~220 g) and wels (~150 g) originating from intensive culture, ie with no previous experience with live fish food. In African catfish, negative selectivity (avoidance) was shown for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) whilst rudd(Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus) were preferred (positive selectivity). The intensity and efficiency of African catfish predation were quite low because its feeding strategy is based rather on prey searching than hunting. Prey fish, wounded and/or dead from its clumsy attacks, were sonsumed preferably overnight. Not one successful attack of African catfish on healthy prey fish was registered. The SGR and FCR of clarias fed live fish were 0.39%. day-1 and 4.73 respectively. In wels, strong negative selectivity (avoidance) was proved for roach (Rutilus rutilus) and topmouth gungeon, and lower avoidance for Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus). Asp (Aspius aspius) were found to be low preferred but high preference was shown for sunbleak, rudd and bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus). Both catfishes preferred smaller prey fish during the 10.day experimental period whilst those which remained non-consumed belonged to the mean or above-mean size categories.Istraživanja su bila usmjerena na selektivnost plijena u dvije vrste grabežljivaca siluriformes - afričkog soma (Clarius gariepinus) i soma (Silurus glanis). Istraživanja su provedena u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Riba plijen (12-22% TL grabežljivaca) poslužila je jednogodišnjem afričkom somu (~220 g) i somu (~150 g) porijeklom iz intenzivnog uzgoja bez prethodnog iskustva u prehrani živim ribama. Afrički je som pokazao negativnu seletivnost (izbjegavanje) prema nilskoj tilapiji (Oreochromis niloticus) i amurskom čebačoku (Pseudorasbora parva), a crvenperka (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) i bjelica (Leucaspius delineatus) bile su preferirane (pozitivna selektivnost). Intenzitet i efikasnost proždrljivosti afričkog soma bila je posve niska, jer je njegova hranidbena strategija u osnovi zapravo na selektivnosti traženja, a ne lova. Plijen, ozlijeđen ili mrtav u tijeku neefikasnog lova, bio je bolje konzumiran za vrijeme noći. Ni jedan uspješan napad afričkog soma na zdravi plijen nije registriran. U soma je bila dokazana jaka negativna selektivnost (uklanjanje) za bodorku (Rutilus rutilus) i amurski čebačok (Pseudorasbora parva), a slabije izbjegavanje za babušku (Carassius auratus gibelio) i klena (Leuciscus cephalus). Bolen (Aspius aspius) nisko je preferiran, dok je visoka preferiranost pokazana za bjelicu (Leucaspius delineatus), crvenperku (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) i gavčicu (Rhodeus sericeus). Obje vrste soma preferirale su manji plijen za vrijeme desetodnevnog eksperimentalnog razdoblja, dok su oni koji su ostali nekonzumirani pripadali kategoriji srednjih ili većih riba

SELEKTIVNOST PLIJENA U SOMA (Silurus glanis) I AFRIČKOG SOMA (Clarias gariepinus)

The experiments aimed at prey selectivity in two Siluriformes predators. African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and wels, Silurus glanis, were performed under laboratory conditions. Prey fish (12-22% TL of predator) were submitted to one.year.old African catfish (~220 g) and wels (~150 g) originating from intensive culture, ie with no previous experience with live fish food. In African catfish, negative selectivity (avoidance) was shown for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) whilst rudd(Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus) were preferred (positive selectivity). The intensity and efficiency of African catfish predation were quite low because its feeding strategy is based rather on prey searching than hunting. Prey fish, wounded and/or dead from its clumsy attacks, were sonsumed preferably overnight. Not one successful attack of African catfish on healthy prey fish was registered. The SGR and FCR of clarias fed live fish were 0.39%. day-1 and 4.73 respectively. In wels, strong negative selectivity (avoidance) was proved for roach (Rutilus rutilus) and topmouth gungeon, and lower avoidance for Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus). Asp (Aspius aspius) were found to be low preferred but high preference was shown for sunbleak, rudd and bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus). Both catfishes preferred smaller prey fish during the 10.day experimental period whilst those which remained non-consumed belonged to the mean or above-mean size categories.Istraživanja su bila usmjerena na selektivnost plijena u dvije vrste grabežljivaca siluriformes - afričkog soma (Clarius gariepinus) i soma (Silurus glanis). Istraživanja su provedena u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Riba plijen (12-22% TL grabežljivaca) poslužila je jednogodišnjem afričkom somu (~220 g) i somu (~150 g) porijeklom iz intenzivnog uzgoja bez prethodnog iskustva u prehrani živim ribama. Afrički je som pokazao negativnu seletivnost (izbjegavanje) prema nilskoj tilapiji (Oreochromis niloticus) i amurskom čebačoku (Pseudorasbora parva), a crvenperka (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) i bjelica (Leucaspius delineatus) bile su preferirane (pozitivna selektivnost). Intenzitet i efikasnost proždrljivosti afričkog soma bila je posve niska, jer je njegova hranidbena strategija u osnovi zapravo na selektivnosti traženja, a ne lova. Plijen, ozlijeđen ili mrtav u tijeku neefikasnog lova, bio je bolje konzumiran za vrijeme noći. Ni jedan uspješan napad afričkog soma na zdravi plijen nije registriran. U soma je bila dokazana jaka negativna selektivnost (uklanjanje) za bodorku (Rutilus rutilus) i amurski čebačok (Pseudorasbora parva), a slabije izbjegavanje za babušku (Carassius auratus gibelio) i klena (Leuciscus cephalus). Bolen (Aspius aspius) nisko je preferiran, dok je visoka preferiranost pokazana za bjelicu (Leucaspius delineatus), crvenperku (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) i gavčicu (Rhodeus sericeus). Obje vrste soma preferirale su manji plijen za vrijeme desetodnevnog eksperimentalnog razdoblja, dok su oni koji su ostali nekonzumirani pripadali kategoriji srednjih ili većih riba

Note on flat foliations of spherically symmetric spacetimes

It is known that spherically symmetric spacetimes admit flat spacelike foliations. We point out a simple method of seeing this result via the Hamiltonian constraints of general relativity. The method yields explicit formulas for the extrinsic curvatures of the slicings.Comment: 4 pages, to appear in PRD, reference added, typos correcte

A Potential Bio-sorbent for Heavy Metals in the Remediation of Waste Water

Bay leaves are used for flavoring in cold drinks production, in bakery goods, sauces, confectionary products and liquors. The waste generated from these sources has been valorized by attempting the remediation of waste water. Hence, adsorption of toxic metals onto Bay leaves has been investigated after optimizing the experimental parameters, namely the pH, contact time, adsorbent and Zn(II) concentrations as well as the temperature of the equilibrium mixture (consisting of the metal solution in contact with the adsorbent). The participation of the constituent functional groups, of the adsorbent, was ascertained with Fourier transform spectroscopic studies. The mode of adsorption was examined by employing important isotherm models, namely Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The adsorption process was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetic model and also followed the intraparticle diffusion up to 60 minutes of contact time. The thermodynamic parameters suggest the spontaneous nature of adsorption

Cell shape change and invagination of the cephalic furrow involves reorganization of F-actin

AbstractInvagination of epithelial sheets to form furrows is a fundamental morphogenetic movement and is found in a variety of developmental events including gastrulation and vertebrate neural tube formation. The cephalic furrow is a deep epithelial invagination that forms during Drosophila gastrulation. In the first phase of cephalic furrow formation, the initiator cells that will lead invagination undergo apicobasal shortening and apical constriction in the absence of epithelial invagination. In the second phase of cephalic furrow formation, the epithelium starts to invaginate, accompanied by both basal expansion and continued apicobasal shortening of the initiator cells. The cells adjacent to the initiator cells also adopt wedge shapes, but only after invagination is well underway. Myosin II does not appear to drive apical constriction in cephalic furrow formation. However, cortical F-actin is increased in the apices of the initiator cells and in invaginating cells during both phases of cephalic furrow formation. These findings suggest that a novel mechanism for epithelial invagination is involved in cephalic furrow formation