Pembentukan persamaan untuk menganggar berat badan dalam kalangan warga emas di Lembah Klang

Berat badan mungkin boleh dianggarkan dengan menggunakan persamaan yang dibentuk daripada pengukuran antropometri, apabila berat badan sukar untuk diukur dalam kalangan warga emas yang terlantar. Objektif kajian ini ialah untuk membentuk persamaan menganggar berat badan dalam kalangan warga emas yang tinggal di Lembah Klang daripada beberapa pengukuran antropometri. Kajian hirisan lintang ini dijalankan dalam kalangan warga emas yang tinggal di komuniti, berumur 60 tahun dan ke atas di kawasan Lembah Klang. Subjek direkrut berdasarkan kaedah persampelan mudah. Berat badan, ketinggian berdiri, ketinggian lutut (KH), demi-span (DS), lipatan kulit subskapula (SSF), ukurlilit betis (CC), ukurlilit pinggang (WC), ukurlilit pinggul (HC), ukurlilit pertengahan lengan atas (MUAC) dan ukurlilit pergelangan tangan (WrC) diukur mengikut protokol yang standard. Validasi silang telah dilakukan. 61% daripada jumlah subjek yang dipilih secara rawak adalah untuk pembentukan persamaan manakala 39% subjek adalah subjek kawalan. Persamaan dibentuk menggunakan analisis regresi berganda secara berperingkat. Seramai 164 orang warga emas telah terlibat dalam kajian ini terdiri daripada 39.0% subjek lelaki dan 61.0% subjek perempuan. Min umur subjek ialah 68.32 ± 5.79 tahun manakala min untuk berat badan yang diukur ialah 66.46 ± 11.98 kg. Persamaan yang dibentuk untuk menganggar berat badan ialah: anggaran berat badan = 5.149 (Jantina) – 0.082 (Umur) + 0.889 (Ukurlilit pinggul) + 1.112 (Ketinggian lutut) – 72.778 (R2 = 0.848, p < 0.001). Nilai korelasi bagi 61% subjek lebih tinggi (r = 0.921) berbanding nilai korelasi untuk 39% subjek (r = 0.883). Walau bagaimanapun, perbezaan antara berat badan yang diukur dengan berat badan anggaran adalah tidak signifikan (p = 0.798). Ini menunjukkan persamaan yang dibentuk boleh menganggar berat badan dalam kalangan warga emas, kerana nilai berat badan anggaran adalah hampir sama dengan nilai berat badan yang diukur. Kesimpulannya, persamaan yang dibentuk boleh digunakan untuk menganggar berat badan dalam kalangan warga emas, kerana nilai berat badan anggaran adalah hampir dengan nilai berat badan yang diukur. Persamaan yang dibentuk boleh digunakan untuk menganggar dalam kalangan warga emas di Malaysia. Namun begitu, kajian lanjutan ke atas populasi warga emas dalam latar klinikal diperlukan untuk memastikan bahawa persamaan yang dibentuk boleh digunakan untuk latar yang berlainan seperti dalam latar klinikal

Formation of porous silicon: mechanism of macropores formation in n-type si

We report the formation of macropores in n-Si (100) substrates for different etching times of 20, 40 and 60 min at a constant current density of 25 mA/cm2 under front-side illumination in HF:ethanol (1:4) solution. After etching for 20 min, four-branch-shaped pores of various sizes were observed at discrete locations. Etching time of 40 min led to the formation of highly connected four-branch-shaped pores as the branches of adjacent pores appeared to connect to each other. As the etching time was increased further to 60 min, the density of interconnected branches increased remarkably. The macropore formation process occurred in three consecutive phases. The current burst model was used to discuss this process. Formation of four-branch-shaped pores at random locations were observed because current bursts are more likely to nucleate where other current bursts took place initially

Level of knowledge, attitude, perceived behavior control, subjective norm and behavior of household solid waste towards zero waste management among Malaysian consumer

The impact of country development has caused an increase of solid waste. The increase in population causes ofexcess usage thus effecting the sustainable environment. Zero waste management involves maximizing practices of recyclingand minimizing residual waste. This paper seeks to analyze the relationship between knowledge, attitude, perceived behaviorcontrol, subjective norm and behavior of household solid waste towards household solid waste management among urbanhouseholds in 8 states that have been implemented and enforced regulations under the Solid Waste Management and PublicCleansing Act 2007 (Act 672) in Malaysia. A total of respondents are 605 and we used a purposive sampling for location andsimple sampling for sample size. Data collected by using self-administered questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSSsoftware. The Pearson Correlation Test is to examine the relationship between four variables. Results show that knowledgescores are high because they have an awareness of the importance of managing solid waste. For attitude, perceived behaviorcontrol, subjective norm and behavioral scores at a moderate level in solid waste management activities. The findings showthat there is a significant relationship between knowledge and behavior of household solid waste (r = 0.136 **, p = 0.001),there is a significant relationship between attitude and behavior (r = 0.238 **, p = 0.000), there is a significant relationshipbetween perceived behavior control and behavior (r = 0.516 **, p = 0.000) and there is a significant relationship betweensubjective norm and behavior (r = 0.494 **, p = 0.000). The conclusion is that there is a relationship between knowledge,attitude, perceived behavior control and subjective norm toward the behavior of household solid waste management.Therefore, in the findings of the study, all parties including the government should work together to enhance the knowledge,attitude, perceived behavior control and behavior of household solid waste management in other states that have notimplemented and enforced regulations under the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672)

Association between Diabetes Mellitus and Sepsis for the Glycemic Control Outcome of Two Intensive Care Units in Malaysia

Close monitoring and tight glycemic control are required among critically ill patients as they have dynamic metabolism which may precipitate stress-induced hyperglycemia. Clinically, diabetes mellitus (DM) patient with sepsis indicated a high mortality rate. This study investigates the association between DM and non-DM related to sepsis and non-sepsis patients from different insulin infusion therapy management. This study used 128 retrospective data from Hospital A, and 37 retrospective data from Hospital B. ICU patients who received insulin infusion therapy during their stay in the ICU were selected. Both centres implement the sliding scale-based insulin infusion therapy with the target range for blood glucose (BG) level within 6.0 – 10.0 mmol/L. The retrospective clinical data were compared among cohorts for DM and non-DM associated with sepsis and non-sepsis conditions. Findings showed that the DM group had higher insulin sensitivity than non-DM for both cohorts. Meanwhile, cohort B had higher insulin sensitivity than cohort A for all classes. Cohort A (DM+Sepsis) had low insulin sensitivity (66.7 L/(mU.min) and worst condition with sepsis&nbsp;which resulted from the lowest percentage (30.81%) of BG measurement within the target range. The (nonDM+nonSepsis) class had the tightest glycemic control for cohort A (3.4 mmol/L) and cohort B (2.2 mmol/L), as observed by the BG interquartile range. Furthermore, cohort A (nonDM+nonSepsis) had a 41.55% of severe hyperglycemia and 0.12% for severe hypoglycemia. Contrary, cohort B (nonDM+nonSepsis) had the highest percentage within the target range (74.31%) and the lowest percentage of hyperglycemia (18.78%). There was significantly different (p-values &lt;0.05) between cohort A and cohort B in BG level and glucose intake, likewise between sepsis and non-sepsis of non-DM for both cohorts. The findings indicate that a successful glycemic control protocol is much influenced by insulin sensitivity, patient variability, diabetes condition, and patient sepsis status

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

The sensing performance of hydrogen gas sensor utilizing undoped-AlGaN/GaN HEMT (a)

High temperature operation and long term stability are important requirements for gas sensor. The response of Pt-circular Schottky diodes fabricated on undoped AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT) structure to hydrogen gas at various temperatures, ranging from 25 to 200°C has been investigated. A 5 nm-thick of catalytic Pt Schottky contact is formed by electron beam evaporation. Both forward and reverse currents of the device increase upon exposing to hydrogen gas. Although a slight change of forward and reverse current is obtained at room temperature upon exposure to hydrogen but both currents drastically increase with the increase of temperatures. The time-transient characteristics show the average current increment and decrement speed of 27.6 and 17.6 nA sec-1, respectively at constant forward bias of 1 V and temperature of 200°C

Temperature-dependent ballistic transport in a channel with length below the scattering-limited mean free path

The temperature-dependent ballistic transport, using nonequilibrium Arora distribution function (NEADF), is shown to result in mobility degradation with reduction in channel length, in direct contrast to expectation of a collision-free transport. The ballistic mean free path (mfp) is much higher than the scattering-limited long-channel mfp, yet the mobility is amazingly lower. High-field effects, converting stochastic velocity vectors to streamlined ones, are found to be negligible when the applied voltage is less than the critical voltage appropriate for a ballistic mfp, especially at cryogenic temperatures. Excellent agreement with the experimental data on a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor is obtained. The applications of NEADF are shown to cover a wide spectrum, covering regimes from the scattering-limited to ballistic, from nondegenerate to degenerate, from nanowire to bulk, from low- to high-temperature, and from a low electric field to an extremely high electric field