2,209 research outputs found
Self‐esteem development and life events:A review and integrative process framework
Self-esteem is a pervasive individual characteristic with major consequences for people's lives. Recent research demonstrated normative change and substantial individual differences in change across the lifespan, which triggered great interest in the sources of self-esteem development. This article provides an overview of the present state of the field of self-esteem development. First, to gain a comprehensive picture, I reviewed findings of different change indicators: mean-level change, individual differences in change, rank-order stability, and state (fluctuations). Second, I reviewed theory and empirical evidence on self-esteem change in response to normative and non-normative life events in the domains school/work and social relationships. Third, I reviewed theory and empirical evidence on situational processes and psychological mechanisms of self-esteem development. I integrated theoretical approaches from lifespan, personality developmental, and social-personality psychology in a process-oriented framework of self-esteem development in response to life events. Finally, I discussed directions for theoretical and methodological advancements
Linear optical elements based on cooperative subwavelength emitter arrays
We describe applications of two-dimensional subwavelength quantum emitter arrays as efficient optical elements in the linear regime. For normally incident light, the cooperative optical response, stemming from emitter-emitter dipole exchanges, allows the control of the array's transmission, its resonance frequency, and bandwidth. Operations on fully polarized incident light, such as generic linear and circular polarizers as well as phase retarders can be engineered and described in terms of Jones matrices. Our analytical approach and accompanying numerical simulations identify optimal regimes for such operations and reveal the importance of adjusting the array geometry and of the careful tuning of the external magnetic fields amplitude and direction
Effects of geometric anisotropy on local field distribution: Ewald-Kornfeld formulation
We have applied the Ewald-Kornfeld formulation to a tetragonal lattice of
point dipoles, in an attempt to examine the effects of geometric anisotropy on
the local field distribution. The various problems encountered in the
computation of the conditionally convergent summation of the near field are
addressed and the methods of overcoming them are discussed. The results show
that the geometric anisotropy has a significant impact on the local field
distribution. The change in the local field can lead to a generalized
Clausius-Mossotti equation for the anisotropic case.Comment: Accepted for publications, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matte
Diffusive transport of light in three-dimensional disordered Voronoi structures
The origin of diffusive transport of light in dry foams is still under
debate. In this paper, we consider the random walks of photons as they are
reflected or transmitted by liquid films according to the rules of ray optics.
The foams are approximately modeled by three-dimensional Voronoi tessellations
with varying degree of disorder. We study two cases: a constant intensity
reflectance and the reflectance of thin films. Especially in the second case,
we find that in the experimentally important regime for the film thicknesses,
the transport-mean-free path does not significantly depend on the topological
and geometrical disorder of the Voronoi foams including the periodic Kelvin
foam. This may indicate that the detailed structure of foams is not crucial for
understanding the diffusive transport of light. Furthermore, our theoretical
values for transport-mean-free path fall in the same range as the experimental
values observed in dry foams. One can therefore argue that liquid films
contribute substantially to the diffusive transport of light in {dry} foams.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
Changes in loneliness and coping strategies during COVID-19
The social distancing measures implemented to slow the spread of COVID-19 impacted many aspects of people's lives. Previous research has reported negative consequences of these measures for people's psychological well-being, and that people differed in the impact on their psychological well-being. The present study aimed to describe the different coping strategies Dutch people used to deal with these measures and to link these strategies to loneliness. In addition, the study aimed to examine mean-level changes in loneliness and to explore individual differences in loneliness change. We used data from 2009 participants of a panel study of representative Dutch households. We assessed coping strategies used during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020 and examined changes in loneliness between October 2019 (before COVID-19) and May 2020 (during the first wave of COVID-19). First, results showed that most people employed specific coping strategies. The most frequently used social strategies were chatting and (video)calling; the most frequently used non-social strategies were going outside, doing chores, watching TV, reading and self-care. Second, people who used more coping strategies reported lower levels of loneliness. Third, analyses revealed an average increase in loneliness between October 2019 and May 2020. Fourth, we observed two significant interaction effects, showing a stronger positive link between the number of social coping strategies and initial loneliness levels among those with a partner or living with others than for those who were single or lived alone. Yet, no moderating effects on changes in loneliness were found: people using more coping strategies did not differ in loneliness changes from people using fewer coping strategies. Together, findings suggest that loneliness increased in the Netherlands during the first phase of COVID-19 and that, while people's coping strategies were related to loneliness levels, they did not buffer against loneliness increases
Routinely randomize potential sources of measurement reactivity to estimate and adjust for biases in subjective reports
With the advent of online and app-based studies, researchers in psychology are making increasing use of repeated subjective reports. The new methods open up opportunities to study behavior in the field and to map causal processes, but they also pose new challenges. Recent work has added initial elevation bias to the list of common pitfalls; here, higher negative states (i.e., thoughts and feelings) are reported on the first day of assessment than on later days. This article showcases a new approach to addressing this and other measurement reactivity biases. Specifically, we employed a planned missingness design in a daily diary study of more than 1,300 individuals who were assessed over a period of up to 70 days to estimate and adjust for measurement reactivity biases. We found that day of first item presentation, item order, and item number were associated with only negligible bias: Items were not answered differently depending on when and where they were shown. Initial elevation bias may thus be more limited than has previously been reported or it may act only at the level of the survey, not at the item level. We encourage researchers to make design choices that will allow them to routinely assess measurement reactivity biases in their studies. Specifically, we advocate the routine randomization of item display and order, as well as of the timing and frequency of measurement. Randomized planned missingness makes it possible to empirically gauge how fatigue, familiarity, and learning interact to bias responses
Electromagnetically induced transparency in cold 85Rb atoms trapped in the ground hyperfine F = 2 state
We report electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in cold 85Rb atoms,
trapped in the lower hyperfine level F = 2, of the ground state 5
(Tiwari V B \textit{et al} 2008 {\it Phys. Rev.} A {\bf 78} 063421). Two steady
state -type systems of hyperfine energy levels are investigated using
probe transitions into the levels F = 2 and F = 3 of the
excited state 5 in the presence of coupling transitions F = 3
F = 2 and F = 3 F = 3, respectively. The
effects of uncoupled magnetic sublevel transitions and coupling field's Rabi
frequency on the EIT signal from these systems are studied using a simple
theoretical model.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure
Multipole structure and coordinate systems
Multipole expansions depend on the coordinate system, so that coefficients of
multipole moments can be set equal to zero by an appropriate choice of
coordinates. Therefore, it is meaningless to say that a physical system has a
nonvanishing quadrupole moment, say, without specifying which coordinate system
is used. (Except if this moment is the lowest non-vanishing one.) This result
is demonstrated for the case of two equal like electric charges. Specifically,
an adapted coordinate system in which the potential is given by a monopole term
only is explicitly found, the coefficients of all higher multipoles vanish
identically. It is suggested that this result can be generalized to other
potential problems, by making equal coordinate surfaces coincide with the
potential problem's equipotential surfaces.Comment: 2 figure
Modeling the variations of Dose Rate measured by RAD during the first MSL Martian year: 2012-2014
The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD), on board Mars Science Laboratory's
(MSL) rover Curiosity, measures the {energy spectra} of both energetic charged
and neutral particles along with the radiation dose rate at the surface of
Mars. With these first-ever measurements on the Martian surface, RAD observed
several effects influencing the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) induced surface
radiation dose concurrently: [a] short-term diurnal variations of the Martian
atmospheric pressure caused by daily thermal tides, [b] long-term seasonal
pressure changes in the Martian atmosphere, and [c] the modulation of the
primary GCR flux by the heliospheric magnetic field, which correlates with
long-term solar activity and the rotation of the Sun. The RAD surface dose
measurements, along with the surface pressure data and the solar modulation
factor, are analysed and fitted to empirical models which quantitatively
demonstrate} how the long-term influences ([b] and [c]) are related to the
measured dose rates. {Correspondingly we can estimate dose rate and dose
equivalents under different solar modulations and different atmospheric
conditions, thus allowing empirical predictions of the Martian surface
radiation environment
Recuperative system for high and ultra-high temperature flue gases. Final report
Advanced recuperative system technology for high and ultra-high temperature flue gases was investigated. Several high temperature recuperator system and component concepts were evolved and studied for the purpose of finding the schemes and designs that attain maximum fuel savings. The most promising concepts for industrial application were pre-engineered further to devise designs for adaptation to existing steel mills. The principal effort was aimed at steel soaking pit applications. The concept which provides the highest air preheat temperatures and the largest fuel savings for soaking pit application utilizing basic state-of-the-art technology is a low air pressure ceramic recuperator operated in conjunction with a higher air pressure metallic recuperator. This concept has the additional advantage that higher air pressures can be attained at the burner than can be attained with an all ceramic recuperator. These higher air pressures are required for high momentum, high efficiency burner performance, resulting in improved productivity and additional fuel savings. The technical feasibility of applying this high temperature recuperation system to existing soaking pits was established
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